names of families that owned slaves in texas

In 1854, citizens in Austin and other towns drove many poor Mexicans from the area in fear that they might assist in revolts. American slave owners or slaveholders were owners of slaves in the United States which typically worked either as agriculture laborers or house servants. Manifests - Alphabetical by Slave Names | National Archives 4 Cotton plantations. Freedmen Towns Black Texans: A History of African Americans in Texas, 1528-1995 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996, 2nd Edition). A group of enslaved people killed the sheriff of Gonzales when he attempted to stop their going to Matamoros. To Berry, having slave-owning ancestors shouldnt disqualify someone form holding office. The Gregory School Historical collections at The Gregory School include: Access to Houston Public Library databases and indexes Books Pamphlets Periodicals Photographs Oral history recordings Manuscripts Newspapers and clippings Personal family archives and Ephemera documenting Houstons African American History and culture. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. [24], In 1845 the state legislature passed legislation further restricting the rights of free blacks. Slaveowners may not free their enslaved servants without Congressional approval unless the freed people leave Texas. [17] In 1827, the legislature of Coahuila y Tejas outlawed the introduction of additional enslaved people and granted freedom at birth to all children born to an enslaved person. Leaders of the Mexican nation tended to oppose slavery, in part from revolutionary idealism and in part because slavery was not essential to the new nations economy, and therefore regularly threatened to limit or abolish the institution. The Bureau created a wide variety of records extremely valuable to genealogists. Slave labor produced cotton (and sugar on the lower Brazos River) for profit and also cultivated the foodstuffs necessary for self-sufficiency. Legally slaves were categorized as chattel (moveable property), but they were men, women and children who clearly despised their condition of servitude. Slavery in Waco. And when they declared independence and wrote a constitution for their new republic, they made every effort, in the words of a later Texas Supreme Court justice, to "remove all doubt and uneasiness among the citizens of Texas in regard to the tenure by which they held dominion over their slaves." Currently, there are only plantations listed for Chicot County, Jefferson County, Ouachita County, and Phillips County. slavery If I can figure out where an earlier County Coordinator found this I will properly reference it. Texas ranked 10th in total enslaved population and 9th in percentage enslaved (30 percent of all residents). The evidence is strong, however, that in Texas slaves were generally profitable as a business investment for individual slaveholders. When Family History Includes Ownership Of Slaves | Texas Standard 389-412)Page Count: 24, Texas Runaway Slave Project. 3 Research Strategy. States that had used it adopted other means to keep most African Americans from voting. Shortly before 1858 he moved from Mississippi to Texas with his wife, Mary, and five children. [38] Unlike most southern states, Texas did not explicitly ban education of enslaved people, but most slaveholders did not allow the practice. Neal Family Papers, 1816-1916 "The Texas Slave Insurrection of 1860," by William White. List of slave owners - Wikipedia This did not mean that the majority of slaves were content with their status. Texas was a colonial territory, then part of Mexico, later Republic in 1836, and U.S. state in 1845. This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 11:16. (re: Insurrection Scare in East Texas) "Smith County and Its Neighgors During the Slave Insurrection Panic of 1860," by Donald Eugene Reynolds, PhD (born 1931), Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies, outlawed the importation of enslaved people, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Supreme Court struck down Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act, History of African Americans in Dallas-Ft. Worth, History of African Americans in San Antonio, "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States", "U.S. appeals court allows Texas to implement voter ID law", "Updated: Texas voter ID law allows gun licenses, not Student ID's", "Someone did not do their due diligence: How an attempt to review Texas' voter rolls turned into a debacle", Texas Terror: the Slave Insurrection Panic of 1860 and the Secession of the Lower South, San Antonio de Bexar: A Community on New Spain's Northern Frontier, Lester G. Bugbee, "Slavery in early Texas", Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Texas&oldid=1132265581, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Articles with failed verification from June 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. He and his wife Mary moved there themselves and he died Update 12/7/2016(CLM): I have found various references of military rank from Captain to Brigadier General. [45][i][ii][iii], Texas seceded from the United States in 1861 and joined the Confederate States of America on the eve of the American Civil War. [52] By the late 19th century, Texas passed other Jim Crow laws. In 1792 there were 34 blacks and 414 mulattos in Spanish Texas, some of whom were free men and women. Like Georgia, the Texas Democratic Party adopted a whites-only primary. [13], The United States outlawed the importation of enslaved people in 1808, but domestic trade flourished, especially in New Orleans during the antebellum decades. There were two questionnaires: one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. Geni requires JavaScript! After statehood, in antebellum Texas, slavery grew even more rapidly. In Texas, like other southern states, the treatment of slaves varied from plantation to plantation, from master to master. Most slaves, however, were neither loyal servants nor rebels. 553 0 obj <>stream WebCategory: Texas, Slave Owners. Politically, slaveholders dominated public office holding at all levels. We'll send you a couple of emails per month, filled with fascinating history facts that you can share with your friends. In August 1831, Juan Davis Bradburn, the military commander of the custom station on Upper Galveston Bay, gave asylum to two men who had escaped from slavery in Louisiana. Institute of Texas Cultures. William Mills 20 2. Sean M. Kelley, Los Brazos de Dios: A Plantation Society in the Texas Borderlands, 1821- 1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010). Although Mexican governments did not adopt any consistent or effective policy to prevent slavery in Texas, their threats worried slaveholders and possibly retarded the immigration of planters from the Old South. Categories: Texas, Slavery | United States of America, Slave Owners. [14][15], In 1821 at the conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence, Texas was included in the new nation. [8] A 1777 census of San Antonio showed a total of 2,060people, with 151 of African descent. They may be related. P Denwood was a Quaker and in early days often was in trouble with the court as he was suspected of harboring Quakers on their way up to Maryland. The cotton industry flourished in East Texas, where enslaved labor became most widely used. White Texans were fearful about revolts, and as in other southern states, rumors of uprisings took hold rapidly, often in times of economic and social tension. There they were raised to be servants. Col. Joshua John Ward of Georgetown, South Carolina: Monte Verdi Plantation family slaves honored in P.O. Slavery in the Lower South Over 30 of the fugitives made it safely to freedom in Mexico. This was in the slave owners' self-interest, for marriage encouraged reproduction under socially acceptable conditions, and slave children were valuable. WebThe enslavement of African Americans was the curse of early American life, and Texas was no exception. [5], Both the civil and religious authorities in Spanish Texas officially encouraged freeing enslaved people, but the laws were often ignored. Elisha Worthington of Chicot, Arkansas: 529 slaves. WebThe 1783 census for all of Texas listed a total of 36 enslaved people. LEVI JORDAN HISTORY Levi Jordan arrived in Texas in 1848. On the other hand, the legislature created political segregation; it classified free residents with at least 1/8 African heritage (the equivalent to one great-grandparent) as a separate category, and abrogated their citizens' rights, prohibiting them from voting, owning property, testifying against whites in court, or intermarrying with whites. By 1840 there were 11,323 enslaved people in Texas. Most runaways attempted to go to Mexico. Rarely, an enslaved person also broke horses, but generally only white men were used for that dangerous task. Between 1816 and 1821, Louis-Michel Aury and Jean Lafitte smuggled enslaved people into the United States through Galveston Island. [8] There was intermarriage among blacks, Indians and Europeans. [7], Importation of enslaved Africans was not widespread in Spanish Texas. Others hated their masters and their situation and rebelled by running away or using violence. See also AGRICULTURE, AFRICAN AMERICANS, CIVIL WAR, RECONSTRUCTION, and SLAVE INSURRECTIONS. 13, No. On the other hand, the institution may well have contributed in several ways to retarding commercialization and industrialization. Sources Taken from Szucs, Loretto Dennis, "Research in Census Records." Slavery may have thus hindered economic modernization in Texas. 3" on the balcony of Ashton Villa: The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. A project of the University of Virginia, this database includes a sampling of some of the 2,300+ interviews The governors feared the growth in the Anglo-American population in Texas, and for various reasons, by the early 19th century, they and their superiors in Mexico City disapproved of expanding slavery. [33], Many churches in Texas accepted enslaved people as members. WebThe U.S. census tracked the growth that followed, reporting 207 enslaved people in 1850 who made up 8% of the countys population and 1,074 enslaved people owned by 228 Elijah Williamson 3 10. Mention is made of Henry being a judge.The following is from Rootsweb: This fact is not a tribute to the benevolence of slavery, but a testimony to the human spirit of the enslaved African Americans. WebThe Confederate gov ernment required many slave holders to provide slaves to work at military fortifications and other facilities throughout the South. 7 rolls, National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, New England Historic Genealogical Society, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library at Colonial Williamsburg, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Libraries, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Clayton Library Center for Genealogical Research, Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center, Natchitoches Genealogical and Historical Association, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=African_American_Resources_for_Texas&oldid=5253354. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by family. 5.3 Census Records. is a professor of history at the University of Texas at Austin, and says addressing ones lineage of slavery is difficult, but ORourkes response helped bring the issue out into the open. He Slaves were increasing faster than the population as a whole. Enslaved African Americans had maintained human strength and dignity even in bondage, and Texas could not have grown as it had before 1865 without the slaves' contributions. A Special Interest Group (SIG) of the Dallas Genealogical Society They survived with the help of Castillo's faith healing among the Indians. The slaves themselves, however, also insisted on family ties. DAR# A105070 1. "Mike" Campbell, Alwyn Barr. 535 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<511162D97422004CA0FA8843222F25B6>]/Index[509 45]/Info 508 0 R/Length 121/Prev 271316/Root 510 0 R/Size 554/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream The slavery categories exist to help with tracking the genealogy and family history of pre-Civil War era slaves. African American Resources for Texas FamilySearch J. Harleston Read of Georgetown, South Carolina: 511 slaves. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. Austin: Encino Press, 1974. Category: Texas, Slave Owners - WikiTree The number Although the law contained some recognition of their humanity, slaves in Texas had the legal status of personal property. The disturbances were resolved through a combination of arms and political maneuvering. The following information is included: The records are categorized by county. Since they politically dominated the state for decades after 1900, the only contest for office was at the primary level. Slavery was also vital socially because it reflected basic racial views. The effect of the institution on the state's general economic development is less clear. After that, he could legally transport the enslaved people and sell them in New Orleans or areas further up the Mississippi River. The original empresario commission given Moses Austin by Spanish authorities in 1821 did not mention slaves, but when Stephen F. Austin was recognized as heir to his father's contract later that year, it was agreed that settlers could receive eighty acres of land for each enslaved person they brought to the colony. The use of slavery expanded in the mid-nineteenth century as White American settlers, primarily from the Southeastern United States, crossed the Sabine River and brought enslaved people with them. On the other hand, there was little comfort and no luxury. Economically, slave owners had a disproportionately large share of the state's wealth and produced virtually all of the cash crops. Sugar. One result was the Turtle Bayou Resolutions, which were an explanation of the grievances that had led to the disturbances. Slavery was a labor system and although slaves obviously freed their owners from the drudgery of manual labor and daily chores, they were a troublesome property in many ways. During the war, slavery in Texas was little affected, and prices for enslaved people remained high until the last few months of the war. Slaves adjusted their behavior to the conditions of servitude in a variety of ways. The greatest concentration of large slave plantations was along the lower Brazos and Colorado rivers in Brazoria, Matagorda, Fort Bend, and Wharton counties. WebAfrican American Resources for Texas. Slavery, WebSince there were no major battles during the war in Texas, slave life in the state continued relatively unaffected, other than the influx of refugee slaves. [40] As early as 1836, Texas slaveholders sent representatives to Matamoros to try to reclaim their runaways, but Mexico refused. Of course, because Texas did not consider itself part of the United States, Lincolns proclamation could have no effect until federal troops gained control of the state. [35] Enslaved people often lived similarly to poor whites in Texas, especially those new to the territory and just getting started. On June 19, 1865, Union General Gordon Granger and over 2,000 federal troops arrived at Galveston Island to take possession of the state and enforce the two-year-old Emancipation Proclamation. All ages were represented, however, from 5months to 60years. WebLand Records Names & Surnames Slavery & Servitude Claim Listing Sankofagen Wiki run by Karmella Haynes has a list of Arkansas Plantations and Slave Names listed by county, for counties formed prior to 1865. . Madison (1), 236 slaves. History of slavery in Texas - Wikipedia Nevertheless, slavery was a curse to Texans, Black and White alike, until 1865 and beyond. People of color who had been servants for life under Mexican law would become property. The freedmen are advised to remain quietly at their present homes and work for wages. In the fewer than fifty years between 1821 and 1865, the "Peculiar Institution," as Southerners called it, spread over the eastern two-fifths of the state, an area nearly as large as Alabama and Mississippi combined. WebThe Neals, Foxes, and Timberlakes were all white families of at least moderate wealth that was dependent upon the forced labor of enslaved people. This company was created to assist African American soldiers of the Civil War and freed slaves. Americans of European extraction and enslaved people contributed greatly to the population growth in the Republic and State of Texas. Settlements grew and developed more land under cultivation in cotton and other commodities. [44] [citation needed], In the 1870s, a system of legalized racial segregation and white supremacy was enforced. This entry belongs to the following Handbook Special Projects: We are a community-supported, non-profit organization and we humbly ask for your support because the careful and accurate recording of our history has never been more important. It gives the county and location, a description of the house, the number of acres owned, and the number of cabins of former slaves. If they died, the boss did not suffer a monetary loss. Slavery was thus a constant source of tension in the lives of slaveholders. Charles Heyward of Colleton, South Carolina: 491 slaves. [18] A small number of enslaved were imported illegally from the West Indies or Africa. Through organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), African Americans continued to work to regain their ability to exercise their civil and voting rights as citizens. Cotton. John J. Middleton of Beaufort, South Carolina: 530 slaves. As Texas was much more distant from the Union Army lines for much of the war, enslaved people were unable to reach them. Slave clothing was made of cheap, coarse materials; shoes were stiff and rarely fitted. The Brazos department, including Austin's colonies and those of Green DeWitt, had exported 600,000 pesos worth of goods, including 5,000 bales of cotton. A service of the Moody College of Communication at the University of Texas at Austin, After The Debates, Beto ORourkes Fundraising Slumped, While Julin Castros Jumped, Billionaire Ross Perot Remembered As Patriot, Family Man, Experts Say The Current Plastic Industry Boom Will Be A Bust In Five Years, News Roundup: New Initiative Aims To Register More Texans With Disabilities To Vote, San Antonio Migrant Resource Center Has Helped 30,000 Since March. Texas was the last frontier of chattel slavery in the United States. Some hid in the bayous for a time, while others lived among the Indians, and a few managed to board ships bound for northern or foreign ports.

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names of families that owned slaves in texas

names of families that owned slaves in texas