geographical indications examples world

They felt that polyphony better suited the emotional style they were aiming for and began writing musical parts for instruments that would complement the singing human voice. Paradiso, JA. [109] Citing Eubulus as his source, Porphyry writes that the original temple of Mithras was a natural cave, containing fountains, which Zoroaster found in the mountains of Persia. Hornbostel and Sachs used most of Mahillon's system, but replaced the term autophone with idiophone.[121]. Ostia Antica Mithraeum at the Baths of Mithras, Google Maps: Map of the locations of Mithraea, List of religions and spiritual traditions, Castro culture/Proto Gallaecian-Lusitanian, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mithraism&oldid=1115358947, Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Articles with incomplete citations from September 2019, Articles with incomplete citations from September 2020, Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. }); [4]:43 Counterpart dining rooms, or triclinia, were to be found above ground in the precincts of almost any temple or religious sanctuary in the Roman empire, and such rooms were commonly used for their regular feasts by Roman 'clubs', or collegia. [105] The 4thcentury commentary on Vergil by Servius says that Pompey settled some of these pirates in Calabria in southern Italy. The U.S. government has developed various FIPS specifications to standardize a number of topics including: Some FIPS standards are related to the security of data processing systems. These different types of instrumentalists can perform together in a music group. Accepting an application for registration, 3. I learned many things that make my performance skill is professional at high stander competency. Various methods examine aspects such as the physical properties of the instrument (material, color, shape, etc. Any of the policy and decision making bodies can constitute Permanent Committees or Standing Committees. A scorpion seizes the bull's genitals. [19], The Bureaus created to administer the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property were under "the high supervision" (haute surveillance) of the Government of the Swiss Confederation. Process procedures for the filing of a trade mark application, 2. The Hague System does not require the applicant to file a national or regional design application.[82]. [119][120], Scholarship on Mithras begins with Franz Cumont, who published a two volume collection of source texts and images of monuments in French in 18941900, Textes et monuments figurs relatifs aux mystres de Mithra [French: Texts and Illustrated Monuments Relating to the Mysteries of Mithra]. Filing evidence of honest concurrent use, prior use or other circumstances, Annex A1 - An example of a letter of consent, Part 28 Honest Concurrent Use, Prior Use or Other Circumstances, 2. [112] Despite this trend in traditional instruments, the development of new musical instruments exploded in the twentieth century, and the variety of instruments developed overshadows any prior period. There are many different methods of classifying musical instruments. [37], Little history is available in the period between 2700 BC and 1500 BC, as Egypt (and indeed, Babylon) entered a long violent period of war and destruction. While the evolution of traditional musical instruments slowed beginning in the 20th century, the proliferation of electricity led to the invention of new electric instruments, such as electric guitars, synthesizers and the theremin. [97] Trumpets evolved into their modern form to improve portability, and players used mutes to properly blend into chamber music. [4]:74 Sometimes the cavern is surrounded by a circle, on which the twelve signs of the zodiac appear. [9] The graves these instruments were buried in have been carbon dated to between 2600 and 2500 BC, providing evidence that these instruments were used in Sumeria by this time. Opposition to the registration of a certification trade mark, 9. "[131], Boyce wrote, "no satisfactory evidence has yet been adduced to show that, before Zoroaster, the concept of a supreme god existed among the Iranians, or that among them Mithra or any other divinity ever enjoyed a separate cult of his or her own outside either their ancient or their Zoroastrian pantheons. In this module you will learn about the coordination continuum, when coordination is profitable and possible incentive conflicts. A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical sounds. Why celebrate World IP Day?, What kind of events can I organize? are examples of frequent questions that are asked about World IP Day. Keyboard instruments are any instruments that are played with a musical keyboard, which is a row of small keys that can be pressed. Period in which a trade mark can be registered/protected, Part 52 Hearings, Decisions, Reasons and Appeals, 4. [88] Literary accounts of organs being played in English Benedictine abbeys toward the end of the tenth century are the first references to organs being connected to churches. [54] The Zhou dynasty saw percussion instruments such as clappers, troughs, wooden fish, and y (wooden tiger). [51] The size of the mithraeum is not necessarily an indication of the size of the congregation. [2] The early 20th-century historian A.S. Geden wrote that this may be due to a misunderstanding. The highest grade, pater, is by far the most common one found on dedications and inscriptions and it would appear not to have been unusual for a mithraeum to have several men with this grade. Australian trade marks law and defensive trade marks, 2. [123][128], Andre Schaeffner, a curator at the Muse de l'Homme, disagreed with the HornbostelSachs system and developed his own system in 1932. Up to a point, Cumont's Iranian paradigm, especially in Turcan's modified form, is certainly plausible. "[132] She also said that although recent studies have minimized the Iranizing aspects of the self-consciously Persian religion "at least in the form which it attained under the Roman Empire", the name Mithras is enough to show "that this aspect is of some importance". [85], The ninth century revealed the first bagpipes, which spread throughout Europe and had many uses from folk instruments to military instruments. Disputed credit card payments/Dishonoured cheques, Part 7 Withdrawal of Applications, Notices and Requests, 1. Mithraic temples are common in the empire; although unevenly distributed, with considerable numbers found in Rome, Ostia, Numidia, Dalmatia, Britain and along the Rhine/Danube frontier, while being somewhat less common in Greece, Egypt, and Syria. obj.autoplay = true; Gordon argued that Cumont severely distorted the available evidence by forcing the material to conform to his predetermined model of Zoroastrian origins. China became the 68th contracting party to the Geneva Act (1999) of the Hague Agreement and, therefore, the 77th member of the Hague System. Discover what geographical indications are and how they are protected. Unless we discover Euboulus' history of Mithraism we are never likely to have conclusive proof for any theory. [80], According to the rules laid out by the Hague Agreement, anyone who is a national of, or who has a domicile, habitual residence or real and effective industrial or commercial establishment in any Hague System contracting party[81] including any country of the European Union or the African Intellectual Property Organization can use the Hague System. 29.9. "[159], David Ulansey finds astronomical evidence from the mithraeum itself. A Citizen's Guide to WIPO". In 2000, WIPO's member states designated April 26 the day on which the WIPO Convention came into force in 1970 as World IP Day with the aim of increasing general understanding of IP.. In order to function as a GI, a sign must identify a product as originating in a given place. For a brief period, especially in Rome, the cult enjoyed, along with others, a last efflorescence, for which we have evidence from among the highest circles of the senatorial order. [9]:6 Textual sources for a reconstruction of the theology behind this iconography are very rare. The Paris Convention was the first international agreement to protect the works of creators in other countries. [75] A passage in the Caesares of Julian the Apostate refers to "commandments of Mithras". In the second lesson of the module you will learn about the different types of data and various methods of data collection. You will also be able to explain the importance of the GI sector within the EU market. 3. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or signed communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, [79] The Byzantine lyra, a bowed string instrument, is an ancestor of most European bowed instruments, including the violin. One of the most characteristic and poorly-understood features of the Mysteries is the naked lion-headed figure often found in Mithraic temples, named by the modern scholars with descriptive terms such as leontocephaline (lion-headed) or leontocephalus (lion-head). The General Assembly appoints the Director General through nomination by the Coordination Committee. [76] Tertullian, in his treatise "On the Military Crown" records that Mithraists in the army were officially excused from wearing celebratory coronets on the basis of the Mithraic initiation ritual that included refusing a proffered crown, because "their only crown was Mithras". [142], The WIPO Academy is the training arm of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), it was established in 1998. However, most historians believe that determining a specific time of musical instrument invention is impossible, as many early musical instruments were made from animal skins, bone, wood, and other non-durable materials. International Non-Proprietary Names (generic names for pharmaceutical substances) and INN stems. The IP Resources Hub offers practical tips on how to use various intellectual property rights. Trade marks likely to deceive or cause confusion, 3. Names of initiates are also found in the dedication inscriptions of altars and other cult objects. Above all, it is a theoretical reconstruction which does not accord with the actual Roman iconography. [87] The resulting instruments varied in size and use from portable organs worn around the neck to large pipe organs. [63], India experienced similar development to China in the post-classical era; however, stringed instruments developed differently as they accommodated different styles of music. When the general provision does not apply, 3. [95], According to C.M.Daniels, the Carnuntum inscription is the earliest Mithraic dedication from the Danube region, which along with Italy is one of the two regions where Mithraism first struck root. [127][128] Through these collaborations as well as its fellowship program, WIPO Re:Search provides shared compound libraries, repurposing methods, capacity building and works on the growth of international scientific networks. A mosaic in the Mithraeum of Felicissimus, Ostia Antica depicts these grades, with symbolic emblems that are connected either to the grades or are symbols of the planets. [48], Evidence of musical instruments in use by early civilizations of India is almost completely lacking, making it impossible to reliably attribute instruments to the Munda and Dravidian language-speaking cultures that first settled the area. 4. When the Pharaohs of Egypt conquered Southwest Asia in around 1500 BC, the cultural ties to Mesopotamia were renewed and Egypt's musical instruments also reflected heavy influence from Asiatic cultures. Classification procedures in examination, 5. The different forms of coordination in the chain, in particular with regard to the retailing and distribution sector. [s] The bull-slaying figure wears a Phrygian cap, but is described by Beck and Beskow as otherwise unlike standard depictions of the tauroctony. [55] The xiao (an end-blown flute) and various other instruments that spread through many cultures, came into use in China during and after the Han dynasty. The EU welcomes the World Trade Organization (WTO) ruling that confirms that the anti-dumping duties imposed by Colombia on frozen fries from Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands are in breach of WTO rules and unfairly restrict access to the Colombian market for European producers. It is dedicated to Sol Invictus Mithras.[u]. The first record of this type of influence is in 384 AD, when China established an orchestra in its imperial court after a conquest in Turkestan. "the followers of Mithras were the 'initiates of the theft of the bull, united by the handshake of the illustrious father'." Saturn in particular is often seen handing over the dagger or short sword to Mithras, used later in the tauroctony. Rather than seeing Mithras as a constellation, Beck argues that Mithras is the prime traveller on the celestial stage (represented by the other symbols of the scene), the Unconquered Sun moving through the constellations. He described these rites as a diabolical counterfeit of the baptism and chrismation of Christians. [203], "WIPO" redirects here. Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. var stopVideo = function(obj) { An emphasis on aesthetic beauty also developed; listeners were as pleased with the physical appearance of an instrument as they were with its sound. Remove reference to Decision on the written record (obsolete term). "The considerable movement [of civil servants and military] throughout the empire was of great importance to Mithraism, and even with the very fragmentary and inadequate evidence that we have it is clear that the movement of troops was a major factor in the spread of the cult. } [77], International design applications are filed directly through WIPO, according to the requirements and procedures established by the Hague Agreement. "[9]:18, In later antiquity, the Greek name of Mithras () occurs in the text known as the "Mithras Liturgy", a part of the Paris Greek Magical Papyrus (Paris Bibliothque Nationale Suppl. In 2000, WIPO's Member States formally designated 26 April the day on which the WIPO Convention came into force in 1970 as World Intellectual Property Day. For example, while organs with multiple keyboards and pedals already existed, the first organs with solo stops emerged in the early fifteenth century. "[aa] Another paper by R.L. [5]:147 In the 4thcentury, Mithraists faced persecution from Christians, and the religion was subsequently suppressed and eliminated in the Roman empire by the end of the century. In select learning programs, you can apply for financial aid or a scholarship if you cant afford the enrollment fee. [90], Musical instrument development was dominated by the Occident from 1400 on, indeed, the most profound changes occurred during the Renaissance period. Convention claims and divisional applications. Before we turn to the Danube, however, there is one early event (rather than geographical location) which should perhaps be mentioned briefly in passing. For example, construction of early slit drums involved felling and hollowing out large trees; later slit drums were made by opening bamboo stalks, a much simpler task. [2], Musical instruments are constructed in a broad array of styles and shapes, using many different materials. Visit the Learner Help Center. Finally, you will hear about segmentation, positioning, and brand personality. [65][66][67][68] Registrations under the Lisbon System are published in the official bulletin and can be searched through the Lisbon Express Database. Endorsements for applications overcoming section 41 grounds for rejection, Annex A1 - Information for applicants on the preparation and presentation of a declaration including model layout, Annex A2 - Model layout for statutory declaration/affidavit, Annex A3 - Model layout for supporting statutory declaration, Annex A4 - How to supply evidence of use of a Trade Mark under subsection 41(5) - for trade marks with a filing date prior to 15 April 2013, Annex A5 - How to supply evidence for use of a Trade Mark under subsection 41(6) - for trade marks with a filing date prior to 15 April 2013, Annex A6 - How to supply evidence of use of a trade mark under subsection 41(4) - for trade marks with a filing date on or after 15 April 2013, Annex A7 - How to supply evidence of use of a trade mark under subsection 41(3) - for trade marks with a filing date on or after 15 April 2013, 3. [137][138] WIPO GREEN 'acceleration projects' are organized annually in different countries or regions of the world, in collaboration with local organizations. [143] More recently, Parvaneh Pourshariati has made similar claims. The nudity gives it the character of a fertility god and if we want to connect it directly with the Mithraic mysteries it is indeed embarrassing that the first one of these plaques was found in a woman's tomb.". [21], WIPO was formally created by the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization, which entered into force on 26 April 1970. 4. It consisted of the Convention proper, which contains 19 articles, and the Protocole de clture (Final Protocol), which is almost the same length as the Convention proper. The flutes were made in the Upper Paleolithic age, and are more commonly accepted as being the oldest known musical instruments. [161][162][163], The Traditional Knowledge Division carries out WIPOs work on genetic resources, traditional cultural expressions and traditional knowledge through its seven service areas. [36] Under their new cultural influences, the people of the New Kingdom began using oboes, trumpets, lyres, lutes, castanets, and cymbals. [106], The historian Dio Cassius (2nd to 3rdcenturyCE) tells how the name of Mithras was spoken during the state visit to Rome of Tiridates I of Armenia, during the reign of Nero. The trombone and French horn may be alto, tenor, baritone, or bass depending on the range it is played in. This exercise is useful when placing instruments in context of an orchestra or other ensemble. [ag] David Ulansey thinks Renan's statement "somewhat exaggerated",[ah] but does consider Mithraism "one of Christianity's major competitors in the Roman Empire". Presumption of registrability and the application of section 44, 6. Related deity-names in other languages include: Iranian Mithra and Sanskrit Mitra are believed to come from an Indo-Iranian word mitrs, meaning "contract, agreement, covenant". [139][140] These projects usually address a particular field and connect providers and seekers of green technologies. stopVideo(v1); For that bread and a cup of water are in these mysteries set before the initiate with certain speeches you either know or can learn. [133] He says that, an indubitable residuum of things Persian in the Mysteries and a better knowledge of what constituted actual Mazdaism have allowed modern scholars to postulate for Roman Mithraism a continuing Iranian theology. Other books followed, including Arnolt Schlick's Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten ('Mirror of Organ Makers and Organ Players') the following year, a treatise on organ building and organ playing. Beginning around 2000 BC, Sumerian and Babylonian cultures began delineating two distinct classes of musical instruments due to division of labor and the evolving class system. [20] BIRPI was the predecessor of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) which superseded it 87 years later, in 1970. [4] According to Ulansey, the earliest evidence for the Mithraic mysteries places their appearance in the middle of the 1stcenturyBCE: The historian Plutarch says that in 67BCE the pirates of Cilicia (a province on the southeastern coast of Asia Minor) were practicing "secret rites" of Mithras. [v] The earliest dateable mithraeum outside Rome dates from 148CE. The Madrid System can only be used by a natural person or a legal entity, which is a national, is domiciled or has a company in the territory of a member of the Madrid System. In the second lesson of this module, we will talk about the current challenges and trends in the agro-food value chain. [7] The cylindrical pipes feature three side-holes that allowed players to produce a whole-tone scale. Factors to be taken into account before deciding whether revocation of registration is reasonable, 4. ), Beck, R., 2002: "Discontinuity's weaker form of argument postulates re-invention among and for the denizens of the Roman empire (or certain sections thereof), but re-invention by a person or persons of some familiarity with Iranian religion in a form current on its western margins in the first century CE. Geographical indication ? In 2009, WIPO started drafting future treaties on intellectual property and genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore in relation with indigenous peoples and local communities. Almost all Mithraea contain statues dedicated to gods of other cults, and it is common to find inscriptions dedicated to Mithras in other sanctuaries, especially those of Jupiter Dolichenus. Assignment of applications and registrations, 9. 3. Another reason for not connecting these artifacts with the Mithraic Mysteries is that the first of these plaques was found in a woman's tomb. [70] The most prominent and important musical instrument of Southeast Asia was the gong. Assignment of unregistered certification trade marks, 11. Before we turn to the Danube, however, there is one early event (rather than geographical location) which should perhaps be mentioned briefly in passing. It has been suggested that some mithraea may have awarded honorary pater status to sympathetic dignitaries.[64]. Rejection of an application for registration, 5. As he does so, he looks over his shoulder towards the figure of Sol. [86] The construction of pneumatic organs evolved in Europe starting in fifth-century Spain, spreading to England in about 700. These codes were similar to or comparable with, but not the same as, ISO 3166, or the NUTS standard of the European Union. Many instruments have their range as part of their name: soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone, baritone horn, alto flute, bass guitar, etc. The designation was created in 1992 and its main purpose is to designate products that have been produced, processed and developed in a specific geographical area, Upon completing the course, your electronic Certificate will be added to your Accomplishments page - from there, you can print your Certificate or add it to your LinkedIn profile. Ulansey states that "Mithraism declined with the rise to power of Christianity, until the beginning of the fifth century, when Christianity became strong enough to exterminate by force rival religions such as Mithraism. It also contains provisions on minimum protections and special provisions for developing countries. The Suda reference given is 3:394, M1045 (Adler). 5. Amendment to notice of intention to oppose or statement of grounds and particulars, 5. Examining evidence of honest concurrent use - the five criteria, 4. An 'ordeal pit', dating to the early 3rdcentury, has been identified in the mithraeum at Carrawburgh. [121] This system was similar to some degree in 12th-century Europe by Johannes de Muris, who used the terms tensibilia (stringed instruments), inflatibilia (wind instruments), and percussibilia (all percussion instruments). so as to perform as a GI, a signal should determine a product as originating during a given place. WIPO Lex is an online global database launched in 2010,[198] which provides free public accessto intellectual property laws, treaties and judicial decisions from around the world. The GNIS database is the official geographic names repository database for the United States, and is designated the only source of geographic names and locative attributes for use by the agencies of the Federal Government. Examples of empty strings. 27)", Strasbourg Notification No. Circumstances in which fees are refunded or waived, 3. The extant mithraea present us with actual physical remains of the architectural structures of the sacred spaces of the Mithraic cult. Organized by the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center, the WIPO ADR Young group offers a networking and training forum for young professionals interested in alternative dispute resolution (ADR) options for IP disputes, such as mediation and arbitration. The Berne Convention was adopted in 1886, it deals with copyright, the protection of works and rights of authors and rights holders. But the image of bull-slaying (tauroctony) is always in the central niche. [34] Turcan also connects this event to the tauroctony: The blood of the slain bull has soaked the ground at the base of the altar, and from the blood the souls are elicited in flames by the caduceus. [25] Xylophones originated in the mainland and archipelago of Southeast Asia, eventually spreading to Africa, the Americas, and Europe. [62] Some of the first bowed zithers appeared in China in the 9th or 10th century, influenced by Mongolian culture. }); [109] The ceiling of the Caesarea Maritima Mithraeum retains traces of blue paint, which may mean the ceiling was painted to depict the sky and the stars. What are the time limits for acceptance of an application to register a trade mark? Global mean sea level rise (GMSLR) is projected to be around 0.1 m (0.04 0.16 m) less by the end of the 21st century in a 1.5C warmer world compared to a 2C warmer world (medium confidence). [38], Based on dedicatory inscriptions for altars,[k] the name of the figure is conjectured to be Arimanius, a Latinized form of the name Ahriman a demonic figure in the Zoroastrian pantheon. A number of civil society bodies have been working on a draft Access to Knowledge (A2K)[29] treaty which they would like to see introduced. For years, many local communities, Indigenous peoples and governments have sought effective intellectual property (IP) protection for traditional cultural expressions (folklore) and traditional knowledge as tradition-based forms of ingenuity and creativity. [164], Ulansey has proposed that Mithras seems to have been derived from the constellation of Perseus, which is positioned just above Taurus in the night sky. [69][70][71][72], The WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center was established in 1994 as an international resource for alternatives to court litigation of intellectual property and technology disputes.

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geographical indications examples world

geographical indications examples world