kultura ng benguet

Sa kanilang kasuotan,ang mga babae ay nag susuot ng mga makukulay na patadyong o mahahabang palda,nagsusuot din ang mga babae ng kwintas at palayok sa ulo. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. The next to the Kabunyan are the spirits of the ancestors, AP-APO/ KAAPUAN and the spirits of people who just died, KAKADING/ KEDARING. Matago-tago tako am-in! Benguet, together with Abra, Apayao, Baguio City, Ifugao, Kalinga, and Mountain Province comprise the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) in Northern Luzon. The purpose of the ritual determines the material requirements to be offered. They live with the deities, kabunyan in the skyworld and are among the skyworld spirits called IKADAYAAN/CHINAYKAYNG. Kangkanai: Benguet impormasyon sa wika at dayalekto. May mga iba umano na iniiwasan na ang ganitong gawain, dahil nasa modernong kaisipan na. Bawal din ang anumang metal o alahas na nakakaapekto sa namatay. Galing sa salitang "Ipugo" na ang ibig sabihin ay "mulasa mga burol" sila ang gumawa ng Rice Terraces na walang gamit na makina, ginawa nila ito sapamamagitan ng kanilang kamay. Such spirits: are offered thanksgiving rituals. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. Get the latest breaking news and stories in the Philippines and around the world from GMA News Online. Tonglo, a settlement between present day Baguio City and Tuba, was subjected to five hours of heavy artillery fire then destroyed after a fierce struggle. In times of trouble, the people look up to them for advice and comfort. Povince. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Kinikilala din nila ang Pambansang Pamahalaan. Ang mga paniniwalang ito sa pamahiin sa kasal ng mga Pilipino ay nag-ugat sa libong taon ng kultura at tradisyon na nakagisnan na ng halos lahat sa atin. Ano ang dalawang wika ng mga Kalinga Tribes? In any ritual administered by the native priest, the elders insist that the taboo be strictly observed during celebration. . Kilala ang mga Ibaloi, matatagpuan sa Benguet sa pagpreserve ng mga patay na tao sa, pamamagitan ng Mummification Ito ay isang proseso na umaabot ng lingo o buwan at minsan pa. Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Knowing their attributes and whims is important as a basis to classify said spirits as to hierarchy and generosity. Ang lalawigan ng Benguet ay matatagpuan sa hilagang bahagi ng islang Luzon sa bansang Pilipinas. The elder who holds the gangsa acts as the protocol officer, the blankets for dancing has to be given to elders as a gesture of respect. Province, Ifugao at Benguet kung saan naman matatagpuan ang "chartered city" ng Baguio. EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND TRADE MOVEMENTS. It has a Mountainous terrain of peaks, ridges, and canyons; and a temperate and gen erally pleasant climate. Others may start from a lower stage as a step to attaining the higher one. Sila ay maingat sa pagpili ng makabagong mga pananamit. > There are instances in the performance of rituals that compel both the rich and the poor to observe ritual ethics. This is so because of its indiscriminate use by persons whose intention is to wish harm on innocent persons. The BESKA/BESKAL which is the first time that the moon emerges in a half circle is the best period to celebrate the ritual. Through the centuries, the people had adopted this system as part of their life ways and thoughtways. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Noong 14 Pebrero 1995, ang Kalinga-Apayao ay pinaghiwalay bilang dalawang lalawigan. Aniya sa panahon ngayon, hindi naman natin inaalis, ay dapat maging practical na, dahil sa napakalaking gastos kung susundin ang ganitong tradisyon, lalo na sa walang backyard at kapos sa buhay. Ang coffin ay gawa sa carved pine tree trunk na hindi ginagamitan ng pako at walang salamin. Kultura noong hapon ng Agosto 27. Pulag and other high mountains. Pag aaral sa dayalekto ng mga tribung kankanaey sa Cordillera. ''tonoton/debek''--- spirits that live in swampy areas. For example: > Open the jar of ''tapey'' when requested by the native priest. If freud is still alive, what do, can you help me with my assignment? Partido Federal United States giving government offices Malolos Republic End of Philippine- American War Malvar, Sakay, etc. OFW sa Dubai, nakapag-uwi ng higit P15.8-M sa isang raffle, Bukod pa ayuda: Mga magsasaka, mangingisda pauutangin ng DA, Tirikan, ang kakaibang tradisyon sa isang bayan sa Marinduque tuwing Undas, Suplay ng basic goods, matatag pa rin DTI, Que horror! Even just knowing the prayers for these sorcery rituals is prohibited by the elders. Under the lunar month, the moon undergoes three marked changes disappearing from the sky totally on the fourth stage. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. A.Classification of the spirits according to Hierarchy. In appreciation to the favors granted, it is customary practice to celebrate thanksgiving feasts in honor of the Kabunyan and their Ap-apo/kaapuan. Each ritual has its own specific material requirements. Ang Benguet ay isang walang baybayin na lalawigan ng Pilipinas sa Cordillera Administrative Region sa Luzon. Mayroong anim na lalawigan saCordillera Administrative Region(CAR) na matatagpuan sila. When taken as a defense against the bad intention of a hostile foe, the performers of this ritual do it to defend themselves against the effects of the ritual performed against them or neutralize the tension. Minsan nga, yong iba inuuwi sa kanilang lugar sa kahilingan ng kamag-anakan,para mailibing sa kanilang bakuran, pero gumagastos din doon sa ritwal.. Others are ''amlag,'' tayab-ban, 'botatew'', ''mandoweng.''. The Benguet people regard rituals and feasts as a fulfillment of their aspirations as well as a cure to their illness. Explore free online educational resources on Philippine culture, history, and art! Nahahati ang lalawigan sa labing-tatlong bayan. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Ito ang atas ng pangulo na nagsasabi ng paggamit ng west philippine sea na tumutukoy sa mga lugar na inaangkin ng pilipinas. They are the wise men of the community, who oversee the observance of the traditional practices, keepers and guardians of the customs and tradition with high regards for the strict observance of rituals and taboos. Province at Benguet. Pero sa ngayon, marami sa mga kabataang Igorot ang pumapasok na sa paaralan. Ang salitang aming pinagtutuunang-pansin ay ang kultura. Whatever it is, the Kankana-ey call their ritual affairs as ''Sida'' or ''Dilus''. > Ritual materials are therefore categorized according to ritual objectives as follows: a.ritual materials for healing purposes, ''dilus / chilus'', b.ritual materials for thanksgiving feasts, ''pedit / sida''. 2.6K views, 56 likes, 24 loves, 39 comments, 7 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Radyo Singko 92.3 News FM: PINOY KONEK | MARCH 03, 2023 Jeric Raval, kinukuwestyon ng mga netizens; paano raw pinalaki si AJ? A widower or divorcee is not given these tasks. Baguio was named the capital of Benguet. . It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Ano ang mga kultura at tradisyon ng mga igorot? This is traced as the basis of ritual practices. Relatives, friends, members of the community and the whole neighborhood join hands and pitch-in whatever they can contribute. 2023 JNews - Premium WordPress news & magazine theme by Jegtheme. We've updated our privacy policy. Slaves from the highlands and lowlands were also items of trade. Ang Lungsod ng Baguio ay dating bahagi ng lalawigan bago pa man ito nag-sarili, noong gawin ang karta pang-lungsod. Ito ay ang Tam-awan Village na tinutungo ng tao para masilayan ang kagandahan ng kapaligiran at lalo na ang maranasan ang yaman ng kulturang Cordillera. > Don't just sip the tapey juice when it is not yet offered to the spirit(s). Q. . Lapid murder case: Mga umanoy mastermind, natukoy na. * The native priests are not visible as monks of temples, they work for their livelihood like ordinary persons but must attend to his spiritual obligation when called upon. Benguet Environment and Natural Resources Office, Provincial Human Resource Management and Development Office, Provincial Planning and Development Office, Provincial Social Welfare and Development Office, Sangguniang Panlalawigan Secretarys Office. The two main ethnic tribes, ''kankana-ey'' and ''ibaloy'' are not far apart in their belief system, except that they are dissimilar in linguistics. Nagtipon ang mga dalubhasa, guro, iskolar, at mga estudyante sa Panitikang Pilipino mula sa Samar, Leyte, Cebu, Benguet at ibat ibang rehiyon sa bansa sa kumperensiyang pinamagatang Sampaksaan sa Kwentong Bayan. mula sa Opisina ng Inisyatiba para sa Kultura at ng mga Sining. The rituals are performed according to their specific purposes: Each ritual has a corresponding prayer, specific spirit addressed to persons involved, material offerings, sacrificial animals, and time of performance. ANITO/IKALUTAAN, that live in the ocean, rivers, lakes, springs, caves, rocks, ravines, bushy trees and shrubs and abandoned buildings and in the groundso many that the native priest identify them in groups according to their dwelling places and could be everywhere. WHILE old tradition is seen amongst the diminishing natural heritage for Millenials, the Province of Benguet seems to say otherwise as the various forms of cultural inheritance and practices is preserved. NCCA-PCEP 2017. kultura ng benguet. One such example is the Tam-awan village where their hundred year old native artifacts and architectures like the "Bulol" and nipa hut are all located here. During the American Period, ), BANTULA: International Conference on Culture-based Education and Research, AGORA: Crossroads of Creativity, Culture, and Ideas, https://philippineculturaleducation.com.ph/cordillera-administrative-region-car/. All Rights Reserved. LA TRINIDAD, Benguet Tuwing unang araw ng Nobyembre ay naging kaugalian na ng maraming Pilipino ang nagtutungo sa sementeryo para gunitain ang All Saints at All Souls Day, kasama ang panalangin at bonding na din sa puntod ng yumaong mahal sa buhay. Ang Opisyal na Websayt ng Pamahalaang Panlalawigan ng Benguet, https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Table%202.%20%20Updated%20Annual%20Per%20Capita%20Poverty%20Threshold%2C%20Poverty%20Incidence%20and%20Magnitude%20of%20Poor%20Population%20with%20Measures%20of%20Precision%2C%20by%20Region%20and%20Province_2015%20and%202018.xlsx, https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benguet&oldid=1998206. Ang Ibaloi ay isang tribo ng mga Igorot na naninirahan sa hilagang parte ng probinsiya ng Benguet. Willie Revillame, hinihilot na raw lumipat sa Eat Bulaga kapag nag-babu ang TVJ? Intermittent incursions into the Benguet Mountains and the unceasing resistance of the people by shrewdness and the spear were recorded in military and religious journals. The native priests are the chosen spiritual leaders in the community well versed in the belief system (in every community there is always a ''Manbunong''). The malevolent spirit who causes sickness could also be appeased by performing a healing ritual to restore the health of the afflicted by offering similar gifts. , . A victim of sigit may suffer headache, backache, stomachache usually accompanied by vomiting. ADMINISTRATIVE -Wika Bontoc Tribes: Sila ay nagsasalita Saan kilala ang mga Igorot? 6. Download Wika at Kultura ng wikang ilokano and more English Essays (high school) in PDF only on Docsity! May anim na etnolinggwistikong grupo sa parte ng mga pook na tinitirhan ng mga Igorot: ang Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao, Isneg (o Apayao), Kalinga, at Kankanaey. Apektado ng pangyayaring ito ang malakas at tradisyonal na sining na paglililok sa kahoy. The kaapuan spirits can travel from the skyworld to the earth, to the underworld and back, a privilege the underworld spirits may not enjoy. The 12 goddesses, Kabunyan are: Bangan, Bugan, Pe-ey, Yapeng Lingen, Ubang, Angban, Angtan, Apinan, Daungen, Tengnan and Ibaga. (Select all that apply) USING APA 7th EDITION A. All Collumns in a table should be labeled. ''ampasit''--- that live in water source. 94% ng public schools sa NCR, tagumpay na nakabalik sa full F2F classes simula Nob. [3] With the western accent of the colonizers benget was mispronounced as benguet. (2015). Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Pilipinas ay isang usbong. It is believed however that spirits of the different races can be addressed to in the manbunong's native dialect. SURVEY . Incio > 2022 > junho > 10 > Uncategorized > kultura ng benguet. ***>BENDIYAN; CHUNGAS; KOSDEY; BATBAT; SEDPANG AND BANGKILAY are exceptions only for the Ibaloys. 2. This song is called ''bay-yog /ba'jog or angba''. Baguio. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. 30 seconds . Nahadlangan na sakupin sila o siluin man lamang ng mga panghihikayat. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito. Guided Practice Make a chart or diagram that would connect the concepts in the box below. Baguio remained the capital of Benguet until 1916. The Ibaloy call theirs as ''Kedot'', ''Chilus'' or ''Kecheng''. The people of Benguet called Igorrotes by the Spanish colonizers remained free and independent until the decree on tobacco monopoly. It is further believed that these unseen beings (spirits) can be manipulated by man to his advantage. B.As to generosity, the spirits are classified as: Generally, all spirits are regarded as good, however, the degree of goodness and badness of the spirits depends on their perception of man's actions. 3. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. etniko. State of the Nation is a nightly newscast anchored by award-winning broadcast journalist, Jessica Soho. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. D. Naghatian sa nasasakupan. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . The malevolent unseen are the ones preying on the lives of men, women and children like robbers or kidnappers for ransom. The priests are chosen by the spirits through dreams. Politico Militar. Katutubong Panitikang Filipino (Kasaysayan ng Panitikang Pilipino) Ni: G. Ale Scrapbook ng mga Produkto at Kalakal sa Iba.docx, Q3 ARALIN 4 ANG NINGNING AT ANG LIWANAG.pptx, aralin3-ibat-ibangsistemangpang-ekonomiya-210908020410.pdf, Ang_mga_pagbabago_sa_panahon_ng_mga_espa.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. In rituals the MANKOTOM/MANCHIBA interprets omens and signs which the mansip-ok and the manbunong may not decide. One person, one language. As to hierarchy, the maker of the universe, the ADIKA-ILA/ MENGOS-OSCHONG, is the highest and powerful of all the spirits and his realm is in the skyworld. This article is taken from my old Friendster blog, djedifever, sic and all, written March 2007. Ang Benguet ay isang walang baybayin na lalawigan ng Pilipinas sa Cordillera Administrative Region sa Luzon. Location: Benguet is the southernmost province of the CAR (Cordillera Autonomous Region).. Its neighboring provinces are Pangasinan, La Union, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Ifugao and Nueva Vizcaya. 4.Counseling of families afraid of the appearance or passing of strange birds and animals in their home as bad omen, ''gibek''/''bohas''. Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela Poblacion II, Malinta, Valenzuela City PANANALIKSIK SA WIKANG CEBUANO AT WIKANG ILOKANO ABM 11-7 Samahang Kabuyogan MEMBERS Dale Allen Casimero Erika Gaile Deroa Kimberly Ann Lanuza Syril S. Makilan . matatagpuan ang chartered city ng Salitang sumasalamin sa kinabibilanganng bawat isa. The longing for material wealth and good health by man makes him very ritual conscious. Ang kultura ng grupong ito ay walang mahalagang pinagkaiba sa cultural features ng mga Nabaloi. Maliban doon, ang pakikidigma, debosyon sa pagsamba, pagpili ng karera o paglalakbay ay mayroong listadong mga dasal o orasyon na kailangang gawin sa pamamagitan ng kanilang lider. CAPITAL REGION, Manbunong in his prayer the justice of ADIKAILA: ''Sik-a ay Adikaila ay nangamag ya nandowin sinan daga ya amin ay matmatago nay itangad con sik-a nan kap-ya nay ta tagoem di mamati si bilen mo''translated as To you unseen being who created this earth and all living creators, I look up to you offering this reconciliatory ritual that those who obey you be blessed. * Since the pre-Christian times, the manbunong occupies an important place in the priestly ministry, who acknowledges and performs the desired ritual cure. Ayon sa mga tradisyon at alamat ng mga T'boli, ang paghahabi ng telang ito ay itinuro sa kanilang mga ninuno ng kanilang diyosang si Fu Dalu at magmula noon, nalalaman ng mga babaeng T'boli kung ano ang gagawing disenyo ng ihahabing t'nalak sa pamamagitan ng kanilang mga . Benguet (hindi pa kasama ang Lungsod ng Baguio) 302,715 - 330,129 - 403,944: 0.87 - 2.04 . A lucrative production and trade of tobacco was then undertaken by the Igorrotes outside Spanish government control, which was not subject to tax. G.SOCIO-CULTURAL PATTERNS IN RITUAL ETHICS. Ito ay mula sa: "Golot" o mountain chain, ang pinagmulan ng salita at dinagdagan ng unlaping "I" na nangangahulugang "nakatira sa". Kabilang dito ang mga sumusunod: epiko, bugtong, tugmang-bayan, salawikain, at awiting-bayan na nasa anyong patula, kwentong-bayan, alamat at mito na nasa anyong tuluyan, at ang mga katutubong sayaw at ritwal ng mga katalonan o babaylan na itinuturing na nunong anyo ng dula sa bansa. KristinaRamirez Answer: Kultura ng Benguet Nagtipon ang mga dalubhasa, guro, iskolar, at mga estudyante sa Panitikang Pilipino mula sa Samar, Leyte, Cebu, Benguet at iba't ibang rehiyon sa bansa sa kumperensiyang pinamagatang "Sampaksaan sa K'wentong Bayan." . Ang kultura ay mga katangi-tanging kaugalian at iba't ibang paniniwala sa isang lugar o pangkat etniko. Ang Wikang Pilipino, na mas kadalasang kilala Mula Mankayan ay may mga nagmigrate naman sa mga probinsya ng Kibungan, Bakun at Buguias, particular sa hilagang kanluran ng probinsyang Benguet. Dahil masaya sa mga luma at istenles na jeepney. Sila ay naninirahan samay Cordillera, sa isla ngLuzon. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. BENGUET FEDERATION,IBINAHAGI ANG KULTURANG IGOROT/RAMBAK CORDILLERA/#HONGKONG OFW'S Ugat ng Lahi: Buhay at Kultura ng mga Sinaunang Pilipino - Duration: 20:01. Reference: Treasury of Beliefs and Home Rituals of Benguet by W. Sacla, 1987. 34-35. Benguet products such as gold, copper, iron, honey, bees wax were traded in exchange for lowland products such as salt, livestock, cotton or blankets, and wares from foreign shores such as beads, plates and jars. 3. Included in the territories of these commandancias were portions of the present- day municipalities of Bakun, Mankayan and Buguias. In the Gregorian calendar, the lunar month corresponds to a calendar month. Huling binago noong 10 Pebrero 2023, sa oras na 04:19. Each material offering is for a specific purpose in a specific ritual. (2015). Ano ang sinusuot ng mga babaeng Igorot? The playing of gongs, ''gangsa'' follows appropriate ritual patterns. , Duffie Law, Philippine Assembly ,Jones Law of 1916 ,QuAquAl Mission ,military government, OsRox Mission ,civilian government, Commonwealth of the Philippines, Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, Activity 5. Ang Kultura at Tradisyon ng mga Igorot sa Komunikasyon Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Bahagi ito ng programa sa pagbibigay ng awtonomiyang politilal sa rehiyon at sagot sa ka- hilingan ng rebeldeng Cordillera Peoples Liberation Army. Starting from the fourth week the moon disappears called ''lened / nedned''- new moon. Sample Questions for Test C2150 614 Security QRadar SIEM V727 Deployment Note, v Whether any personal expenses have been charged to revenue accounts of the, Displays thorough knowledge of theoretical and applied investment banking, 4 Configure FlexEngine Logging Setting You can configure the location and file, 259 www c k12 org C HAPTER 18 MS Cardiovascular System Chapter Outline 181 O, external factors such as linguistic social and political We took into, Full Binary tree A full binary tree of height h has all its leaves at level h, 2 Notwithstanding the provisions of section 162d deduction shall be allowed in, Sometimes in industrial cells the polarization is surprisingly high In the, Unit_Guide_ANTX1051_2022_Session 1, Online-flexible.pdf, 23 Fall Final Exam Political Science 11.doc, MGT 214 Personal Health Record concerns 3.docx, PTS 1 DIF Cognitive Level Remembering 11 Where can coarctation of the aorta COA, Chapter 11 Congress 421 Understandably few if any representatives adhere, Q3 Scientist in the laboratory are working on developing new products ahead of, i Create Social Media Campaigns ii Analyze Customer Feedback Add more rows as, 1. 7. 5. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Ayon kay Betbet, ang kagandahan lang ay kasama sa bakuran ang isang yumaong mahal sa buhay, na parang balewala lang dahil pakiramdam mo ay kapiling mo siya sa loob ng bahay. malakas ang turismo dahil maraming mga magagandang lugar dito. Dito matatagpuan ang Lungsod Bagu- io, ang tinaguriang Summer Capital of the Philippines, at La Trinidad na mga sentrong pang-industriya ng rehiyon. time, it eventually become a general reference to the territories of the Iggorotes peo pled by the Ibaloi, Kankanaey, Kalangoya, and other minor tribes. The ritual ministry can not be transferred by formal schooling neither seminar-workshop nor private sessions can make a manbunong; >>> It is the ADIKAILA (unseen) who gave man the power of the ministry. B. Ayon kay Betbet, ang Ibaloi at maging ibang tribu sa rehiyon, ay inaaalay ang sarili sa yumaong kapamilya, lalo na kapag ang isang namatay ay kilalang lider ng tribu sa komunidad. Apayao,Abra, Kalinga, Mt. Other members of the family or relatives are not allowed to witness the activities. 2 DepEd, Pagbabakuna sa mga mall tuwing weekend, itinigil na rin ng QC govt, Herlene Budol, nakatakda nang lumipad pa-Uganda, humiling ng panalangin sa fans, Instant millionaire! Malakas ang produksiyon ng gulay sa Benguet, pagsasaka ng palay sa Ifugaw at Abra, at mais sa Mountain Province at Kalinga. Bahagi ito ng programa sa pagbibigay ng awtonomiyang politilal sa rehiyon at sagot sa ka- hilingan ng rebeldeng Cordillera Peoples Liberation Army. Minsan naman kahit may malaking backyard, pero gusto sa cemetery, depende kasi sa hiling ng yumao kung saan niya gustong mailibing.. The name Benguet was first pronounced in La Trinidad, a thriving settlement at the crossroads to the lowland trading sites during the period of Spanish expeditions. Natuto ni Mark ang Filipino at English sa pagtuturo ng nanay niya na Inglesera at tatay niya na Filipino. La Trinidad ang kapital nito at napapaligiran ng Pangasinan , La Union , Ilocos Sur , Mountain Province , Ifugao , at Nueva Vizcaya . As the spirits are classified, the priests are also categorized according to their calling: > The MANSIP-OK /MANSI'BOK - having been given certain powers to determine the cause of illness, death and misfortune, and prescribes the appropriate ritual cure. Kultura at tradisyon ng La Trinidad, Benguet, sinisikap pasiglahin. Ang pananakop ng mga Kastila sa Pilipinas, sa pamamahala ng Mehiko, na tumagal ng mahigit 333 taon, ay may malaking kontribusyon sa Kultura ng Pilipinas. Counseling of families afraid of the appearance or passing of strange birds and animals in their home as bad omen, ''gibek''/''bohas''. Cite this article as: Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR). Bilang isangIbaloi-Kankana-ey, I will continue to do the practice, dahil nakasanayan ko na noong bata pa ako at naipasa na sa akin ng mga magulang, kay will pass it on to my children so that they will not forget the tribes practice., Ang Nangungunang Pahayagang Tagalog sa Bansa (Pilipinas). Noted from the native priest ritual prayer, the gods and goddesses, Kabunyan, came down from the skyworld to the earth bringing along with them animals, crops and precious metals as their gift to the earth people.

Local 1249 Wage Rates, Articles K

kultura ng benguet

kultura ng benguet