political organisation of the acholi

As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. Encyclopedia.com. Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. Identification and Location. famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. Okot p'Bitek (1971). Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. This term then According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. Shilluk Acholi outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Anywa Adhola Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators 23 Feb. 2023 . The Population Geography of Acholi District. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. Marriage. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. The term Mende refers to both the people and the langua, Achievements by Indian Physical Scientists, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). Political Organization. The InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. The primary language of Acholi today is Luo, a Western Nilotic language spoken by groups scattered across East Africa from the southern Sudan to Tanzania; many also speak English and/or Kiswahili. before. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. ." Religious Beliefs. When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). //, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Industrial Arts. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later. [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. Politics has been around for millennia. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. With colonial rule Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active Arts. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. [CDATA[ political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. 2.4. When conflict did From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his solidification of an Acholi identity, with their common language becoming an important marker. Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the Much of that hierarchy continued ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). More . At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. The Acholi occupy a 39,000-square-kilometer area, three-fourths of which lies within Uganda, extending roughly from 215 to 4159 N and 3325 to 3345 E. Their neighbors include the Luo-speaking Lango, Paluo, and Alur to the south and southwest, the Central Sudanic-speaking Madi to the west, and the Eastern Nilotic Jie and Karamojong to the east. in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. Figure 5. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the "Land Tenure in Acholi." The Southern Lwoo language group The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Occasional Paper no. Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . 26). [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. Webster, J. London: James Currey. state, political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. While rwodi, That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, colonial times, were the Acholi stood often in opposition to the British colonial rule, the starting Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. and tributes paid to them. Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. Omissions? families living together in hamlets. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) Nairobi: Oxford University Press. Bride-wealth has varied over time but has usually included iron objects, domestic animals, and, in the twentieth century, money. more. (p. 34). Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. Identification. Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. When Britain established its rule during the early twentieth century, both ideological predisposition and practical utility prompted the colonizers to consider the Acholi a "tribe" and to administer the area as a "tribal" unit. [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. B. Webster, eds. He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! comparably flat. Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures Division of Labor. The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern Certain rwodi and Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. Kasozi, A. The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. Numbering between 400 and 500 by the turn of the twentieth century, these exogamous groups claim descent from a common ancestor (although means exist to incorporate many types of "outsiders" as well) and have special lineage shrines, ritual ceremonies, praise-calls, and totems.

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political organisation of the acholi

political organisation of the acholi