sulla primary sources

[106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or . He could acknowledge the law as valid. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. 107/14 The dissolute lifestyle of L.Sulla, as a young man. History has portrayed them as being emblematic for a generation of chaos in Roman society. [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. A primary source (also called original . Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. Wikipedia entry. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. Revised on November 11, 2022. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. "[147] Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the Campus Martius. They are often based on primary sources. [40], In 102BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". There is no single tool that will find everything at UCR, but a good start is to reach . Published by at 29, 2022. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. Sulla's descendants continued to be prominent in Roman politics into the imperial period. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. The later battle, at Orchomenus, was fought in high summer but before the start of the autumn rains. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. Primary sources are documents, images, relics, or other works that provide firsthand details of a historical or scientific event. [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. [52] He may have stayed in the east until 92BC, when he returned to Rome. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. [110], After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. [112] However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". He attempted to mitigate this by passing laws to limit the actions of generals in their provinces, and although these laws remained in effect well into the imperial period, they did not prevent determined generals, such as Pompey and Julius Caesar, from using their armies for personal ambition against the Senate, a danger of which Sulla was intimately aware. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). He used his powers to purge his opponents, and reform Roman constitutional laws, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the tribunes of the plebs. He can hardly have been in any doubt. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. sulla primary sources. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. Marius arranged for Sulla to lift the iustitium and allow Sulpicius to bring proposals; Sulla, in a "desperately weak position [received] little in return[,] perhaps no more than a promise that Sulla's life would be safe". Secondary sources are interpretations of history. Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. The collection currently contains . The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. 82 BC. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. Encyclopedias. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. [13][14][15] Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. [73] The consuls, fearful of intimidation of Sulpicius and his armed bodyguards, declared a suspension of public business (iustitium) which led to Sulpicius and his mob forcing the consuls to flee. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. "[157] This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. "[156], He was said to have a duality between being charming, easily approachable, and able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people, while also assuming a stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. Encyclopaedia Romana - Has essays on several aspects of ancient Rome. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. [45][46], While governing Cilicia, Sulla received orders from the Senate to restore Ariobarzanes to the throne of Cappadocia. Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . Sulla then duly besieged the city. [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. Copyright statement. The Steamboat Adventure. to the Birth of the Roman Empire (1969). He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. Sulla would ratify Mithridates' position in Pontus and have him declared a Roman ally. [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. [18] Lacking ready money, Sulla spent his youth among Romes comedians, actors, lute players, and dancers. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. Updated on October 07, 2019. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. Even though the prosecutor declined to show up on the day of the trial, leading to Sulla's victory by default, Sulla's ambitions were frustrated. [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. Primary sources are original . [121], Fighting in 83BC began with reverses for Sulla's opponents: their governors in Africa and Sardinia were deposed. 45-120 CE) was a Platonist philosopher, best known to the general public as author of his "Parallel Lives" of paired Greek and Roman statesmen and military leaders.He was a voluminous writer, author also of a collection of "Moralia" or "Ethical Essays," mostly in dialogue format, many of them devoted to philosophical topics, not at all . By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. Sulla was a man to whom, up to victory, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after victory, no criticism can be adequate. Primary sources are first-hand evidence related to the time or event you are investigating.This includes accounts by participants or observers and a wide range of written, physical, audio or visual materials created at the time or later by someone with direct experience.. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. N.S. Sulla almost certainly received a normal education for his class, grounded in ancient Greek and Latin classics. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. . [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. In . From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. What Is a Primary Source? [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. Marius was elected consul and, through assignment by tribunician legislation, took over the campaign. He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience. When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. From 133BC and the start of Tiberius Gracchus' land reforms, Italian communities were displaced from de jure Roman public lands over which no title had been enforced for generations. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. Categories . Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. [96] Rome unsuccessfully defended Delos from an joint invasion by Athens and Pontus. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. [citation needed]. [116] Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and Gaius Norbanus who had dangerously divided their forces. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. Historical documents : how to read them. Plutarch, writing much . [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that he retired to a life spent in dissolute luxuries, and he "consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long." [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. vinifera, hereafter V. vinifera) shares a close relationship with humans ().With unmatched cultivar diversity, this food source (table and raisin grapes) and winemaking ingredient (wine grapes) became an emblem of cultural identity in major Eurasian civilizations (1-3), leading to intensive research in ampelography, archaeobotany, and historical . This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. [38] The next year, Sulla was elected military tribune and served under Marius,[39] and assigned to treat with the Marsi, part of the Germanic invaders, he was able to negotiate their defection from the Cimbri and Teutones. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". [84] Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. Sulla, meanwhile, had to allow matters to unfold beyond his control. Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. This distinction is important because it will affect how you understand these sources. Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. Websites. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. Primary Source Terms:. [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. Gnaeus Carbo attempted to lift the Siege of Praeneste but failed and fled to Africa. With the capture and execution of Carbo, who had fled Sicily for Egypt, both consuls for 82BC were now dead. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. The circumstances of his relative poverty as a young man left him removed from his patrician brethren, enabling him to consort with revelers and experience the baser side of human nature.

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sulla primary sources

sulla primary sources