automatism surrealism

Automatism was used by the Surrealists to facilitate the direct and uncontrolled outpouring of unconscious thought. Games and techniques to create random effects. Ernst's early pursuits were psychology and philosophy, but he dropped out of the University of Bonn to pursue . For instance, filters have been automatically run in some bitmap editor programs such as Photoshop and GIMP, and computer-controlled brushes have been used by Roman Verostko to simulate automatism. For the Automatists, Surrealism was interpreted as a control of the consciousness which supports the sub conscious. Surrealism and the Occult - September 2014. automatism, technique first used by Surrealist painters and poets to express the creative force of the unconscious in art. The art movement followed the path of automatism, a bizarre thought process in which artists focus on the mind's deepest thoughts to illustrate imagery. The behaviour itself is usually inappropriate to the circumstances, and may be out of character for the individual. For the paranormal writing technique, see, The Surrealists: Revolutionaries in art & writing 19191935, Jemma Montagu, page 15, Last edited on 30 September 2022, at 03:00, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surrealist_automatism&oldid=1113161648, This page was last edited on 30 September 2022, at 03:00. Grandview a software application created in 2011 for the Mac displays one word at a time across the entire screen as a user types, facilitating automatic writing. Ernst also used frottage (rubbing) and grattage (scraping) to create chance textures within his work. Pablo Picasso was also thought to have expressed a type of automatic drawing in his later work, and particularly in his etchings and lithographic suites of the 1960s. Automatic drawing and painting Memorization is of secondary importance; preponderance is given to instinct Philosophy. Surautomatism Jennifer: It originated in poetry, where you would write without stopping. Automatism as a term is borrowed from physiology, where it describes bodily movements that are not consciously controlled like breathing or sleepwalking. Art and Nationalism in 19th-century Latin America. The notion of automatism is also rooted in the artistic movement of the same name founded by Montreal artist Paul-Emile Borduas in 1942; himself influenced by the Dadaist movement as well as Andr Breton. Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. Introducing the notion of intuitive art and automatism in his Surrealist Manifesto, he defined the movement as "psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to express - verbally, by means of the written word, or in any other manner - the actual functioning of thought." Spiritualists tended to describe automativity as an ecstatic state in which psychic intimacy could be achieved with a spectral Other often a painfully mourned child or beloved. The lure of the American Southwest: E. Martin Hennings, Puebloan: Maria Martinez, Black-on-black ceramic vessel, Why is that important? In Costa Rica, the International Automatist Movement is officially born, whose members work on the rethinking and vindication of the role of automatism in the history of universal art through design. automatism is the genesis of the Universe, and all other movements are just a matter of form. Pablo Picasso was also thought to have expressed a type of automatic drawing in his later work, and particularly in his etchings and lithographic suites of the 1960s. The Surrealist artist's toolbox features a whole range of "automatisms"art-making techniques that poke the subconscious, so to speak. In this sense, the Internet becomes the great ally of the automation proposal, reducing in seconds the time required to locate millions of words and images of free mental association. A Brief Guide to the Movement. They abandoned any trace of representation in their use of automatic drawing. The computer, like the typewriter, can be used to produce automatic writing and automatic poetry. An automatism is an involuntary piece of behaviour over which an individual has no control. In the automatism must demand the minimum of previous planning. Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Paul luard (1895-1952), and other poets experimented with automatic writing, or automatism, to free their imaginations. Many surrealist artists have used automatic drawing or writing to unlock ideas and images from their unconscious minds. All the iconography produced by the individual will be enriched as his cognitive capacity increases. Pure psychic automatism the dictation of thought in the absence of all control exercised by reason and outside all moral or aesthetic concerns. Salvador Dal is one of the first names that comes to mind when discussing Surrealist artists. Even collage could be considered a more automatic means of expression than surrealism itself; being like the design, a collection of images or photographs transformed into a more complex graphic work, with the intervention of electronic media. The technique of automatic drawing was transferred to painting (as seen in Mirs paintings which often started out as automatic drawings), and has been adapted to other media; there have even been automatic drawings in computer graphics. In his 1924 Surrealist Manifesto, Breton defined Surrealism as "Psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to expressthe actual functioning of thoughtin the absence of any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern." 2 Dada & Surrealism There are no mistakes, only opportunities; the minimum error must become the fundamental piece of a masterpiece. Alexandra Bacopoulos-Viau. He was the eldest of three children in a family of modest means. By maintaining a conversation, the individual remains consciously connected to the different senses that will be used to give logical form to the communication. Others have wanted to depict dream worlds or hidden psychological tensions. Origins Breton defined Surrealism as "pure psychic automatism, the dictation of thought in the absence of all control exercised by reason and outside all moral or aesthetic concerns". In physiology, the term automatism describes automatic bodily . The main goal for Surrealist artists was to embrace automatism and to release the mind's imagination and unconscious thoughts, which was interpreted differently by each artist. He, as well as a dozen other artists from Quebec's artistic scene, very much under restrictive and authoritarian rule in that period, signed the Global Refusal manifesto, in which the artists called upon North American society (specifically in the culturally unique environment of Quebec), to take notice and act upon the societal evolution projected by these new cultural paradigms opened by the Automatist movement as well as other influences in the 1940s. Automatism has taken on many forms: the automatic writing and drawing initially (and still to this day) explored by the surrealists can be compared to similar or parallel phenomena, such as the non-idiomatic improvisation. Automatism, a practice that is akin to free association or a stream of consciousness, gave the Surrealists the means to produce unconscious artwork.Surrealist artist Andr Masson's mixed-media canvas Battle of Fishes (1926) is an early example of automatic painting. Surrealist art can be mixed media. By opening the gate the I intern of the individual is completely naked; the simple strokes he could inscribe on a piece of paper would be denouncing his unconscious thinking, his desires, his past / present, his soul. Grandview a software application created in 2011 for the Mac displays one word at a time across the entire screen as a user types, facilitating automatic writing. He managed to obtain naturalization in both the United States (1948) and France (1958). How did Sigmund Freud influence Surrealism? Automatic drawing was pioneered by Andr Masson but artists who also practised automatic drawing around the same time include the English artist Austin Osman Spare and in France Joan Mir, Salvador Dal, Jean Arp and Andr Breton. Automatism in Art Creation - Not Just a Surrealist Brainchild Although psychic automatism in art is primarily linked to Surrealism and its engagement of dreams, hypnosis and sometimes even drugs in releasing the thought from its rational constraints, some previous and later epochs also have seen the application of automatism in art. Although at its base the automatism is nourished by Freudian theories, it is closer to the analytical psychology of Jung, since it does not work based on dreams. In the automatism the aesthetics and the skill in the execution are relieved to a second plane; premium the concept. The Surrealists created unconscious artwork utilizing psychic automatism, a method similar to free association or stream of consciousness. SURREALISM, n. Pure psychic automatism through which it is intended to express, either verbally or in writing, or in any other manner, the true functioning of thought. Contemporary techniques [1] When working from a dream memory is resorted to, to memory, therefore the unconscious does not predominate; but the conscious and with this loyalty is lost. Because Surrealism elevated the profile of Freudian theory through visual means, artists of later generations sustained such engagement with the notions of psychology and analysis. Humanity, through the centuries, in most communication processes has required direct contact with its receiver through one of the 5 senses. Automatism and a spirit of spontaneity. Born in 1896, he studied medicine and worked at a psychiatric hospital during the first world war. They differ in that the art of automatism often had no discernible meaning, whereas veristic Surrealists painted recognizable objects and scenes but in new and surprising combinations meant to echo the feeling of dreams. In the short history of modern art, various trends have reduced this time of gestation and with this, stripping the unconscious Self of the artist as happens in the Happening, but in most cases the result has been abstract. Max Ernst was a German painter and sculptor who was a strong champion of insanity in art and the founder of the Surrealist Automatism movement. Dictation of thought in the absence of all control exercised by reason, outside of all aesthetic and moral preoccupation. Surrealism, n. Psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to express -verbally by means of the written word, or in any other manner - the actual functioning of thought. Salvador Dali. Simply select your manager software from . Breton and others produced the earliest examples of automatism in their automatic writings, aiming to write as rapidly as possible without intervening consciously to guide the hand. "Nadrealistiki tekst" (A Surrealist Text) (1925) and fables (1926 . As Surrealism was originally formed as a literary movement, one of the problems for artists was to find Surrealist processes that were specific to the visual arts and not simply adaptations of literary techniques. The design gives the possibility of issuing a proposal more consistent with such a description. As seen in the examples here by . What is the . The non- rational is the base. The movement is best known for its visual artworks and writings and the juxtaposition of uncommon imagery. Later automatism played some part in the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and others and was an important element in the European movements of art informel and arte nucleare. Mixed media means you use more than one material to create your art - paint on a canvas, a statue, or a combination of both. Other artists who also practised automatic drawing were Hilma af Klint, Andr Masson, Joan Mir, Salvador Dal, Jean Arp, Andr Breton and Freddy Flores Knistoff. As an example, the automatism can originate from an event as simple as a telephone conversation. Khan Academy is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Andr Breton used it only as a descriptive form of surrealism and not as a movement in itself; Breton defined: Surrealism is pure psychic automatism, through which one tries to express verbally, written or in any way the real functioning of thought. Pure psychic automatism, by which one proposes to express, either verbally, in writing, or by any other manner, the real functioning of thought. Automatism in the Surrealist Movement The carnage and slaughter of the First World War led to a crisis of confidence in bourgeois morality. Observation is the cornerstone of design. It can be complex, co-ordinated, and apparently purposeful and directed, though lacking in judgement. Surrealism was born in Paris, France, and this remained the main hub for the movement throughout the '20s and '30s. second is called "automatism" which is art that is made without planning ahead or thinking about it, even while you are doing it. Some Romanian surrealists invented a number of surrealist techniques (such as cubomania, entoptic graphomania, and the movement of liquid down a vertical surface) that purported to take automatism to an absurd point, and the name given, "surautomatism", implies that the methods "go beyond" automatism, but this position is controversial. Surrealist automatism is a method of art-making in which the artist suppresses conscious control over the making process, allowing the unconscious mind to have great sway. Like many . Basic Principles In design, virtuosity is transmuted into the use and knowledge of some software, which should be relegated to the background, the level of learning, easily accessible to any human being. Leaving out the visual contact, the process changes radically: see imagine, they are two completely different things. , Cite this page as: Dr. Charles Cramer and Dr. Kim Grant, "Surrealist Techniques: Automatism," in, Reframing Art History, a new kind of textbook, Guide to AP Art History vol. These artists, led by Paul-mile Borduas, sought to proclaim an entity of universal values and ethics proclaimed in their manifesto Refus Global. Hence the drawing produced may be attributed in part to the subconscious and may reveal something of the psyche, which would otherwise be repressed. Andr-Aim-Ren Masson was born on January 4, 1896 in the small town of Balagny (Oise), north of Paris. Collage and photomontage had already been used to dramatic effect by Ernst when he was a member of the Cologne Dadaists. Abstract Expressionist artists including Jackson Pollock experimented with automatism throughout his development of gestural abstraction. Rene Magritte, La Trahison des Images (1929). However, since the birth of the telephone, a wicket is left open to the honest unconscious expression of the individual. 2 : the moving or functioning (as of an organ, tissue, or a body part) without conscious control that occurs either independently of external stimuli (as in the beating of the heart) or under the influence of external stimuli (as in pupil dilation) Automatism has taken on many forms: the automatic writing and drawing initially (and still to this day) explored by the surrealists can be compared to similar or parallel phenomena, such as the non-idiomatic improvisation. Most of the surrealists' automatic drawings were illusionistic, or more precisely, they developed into such drawings when representational forms seemed to suggest themselves. Thus the telephone becomes a means to dissolve the conscious connection of the line and the interlocutor. Early 20th-century Dadaists, such as Hans Arp, made some use of this method through chance operations. [1] The Automatic Message (1933) was one of Breton's significant theoretical works about automatism. Breton said that automatism seemed to be more creative in verb / auditory form as opposed to verb / visual. In the manifesto, Breton defined surrealism as. While the term automatism is specifically associated with twentieth-century artists, and particularly surrealism, earlier artists such as Alexander Cozens used some elements of chance to create works, while others reportedly tapped into visionary or trance states. In fact, everything that Magritte painted was a deliberate act of visual disorientation. In the 1924 Manifesto of Surrealism surrealist leader Andr Breton (1896-1966) defined Surrealism as 'psychic automatism in its pure state,' positioning 'psychic automatism' as both a concept and a technique. Research Associate, Jennifer Cohen. Surrealist automatism is a method of creating art in which the artist suppresses conscious control over the process. Automatic drawing (distinguished from drawn expression of mediums) was developed by the surrealists, as a means of expressing the subconscious. The movement represented a reaction against what its members saw as the destruction wrought by the "rationalism" that had guided European culture and politics previously and that had culminated in the horrors of World War I.Drawing heavily on theories adapted from Sigmund Freud . If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Automatism was a form of writing in which a person holds a pencil or pen, tries to clear away conscious thoughts and then simply allows the pencil to flow. Surrealism is a style of art and literature developed principally in the 20th century, stressing the subconscious or nonrational significance of imagery arrived at by automatism or the exploitation of chance effects, unexpected juxtapositions, etc.. See the fact file below for more information on the Surrealism or alternatively, you can download our 21-page Surrealism worksheet pack to utilise . In the arts, for instance, it triggered the emergence of the anti-art movement known as Dada, whose nihilistic aesthetics eventually led to its own demise. Freuds ideas strongly influenced French poet Andr Breton who launched the surrealist movement in 1924 with the publication of the Manifesto of Surrealism. or involuntary unwilled action in 1924 a young poet named Andre Breton published the surrealist manifesto defining surrealism as psychic automatism in its pure state dictated by thought in the absence of any control exercised by a reason exempt from any . To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. As alluded to above, surrealist artists often found that their use of "automatic drawing" was not entirely automatic, rather it involved some form of conscious intervention to make the image or painting visually acceptable or comprehensible, "Masson admitted that his 'automatic' imagery involved a two-fold process of unconscious and conscious activity."[2]. The Automatic Message (1933) was one of Bretons significant theoretical works about automatism. If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Surrealist Techniques: Subversive Realism, Magritte, The Treachery of Images (Ceci nest pas une pipe), Conservation | Ren Magritte, "The Portrait," 1935, Meret Oppenheim, Object (Fur-covered cup, saucer, and spoon), Giorgio de Chirico, "The Anxious Journey", Middle school Earth and space science - NGSS, World History Project - Origins to the Present, World History Project - 1750 to the Present. "Surrealism is destructive, but it destroys only what it considers to be shackles limiting our vision.". He was drawing on at least two major sources: the long tradition of poetic inspiration, and the recent findings of Sigmund Freud. Surrealist Artists of the 20 th Century and Today. I painted my own reality." - Frida Kahlo Surrealism originated in the late 1910s and early '20s as a literary movement that experimented with a new mode of expression called automatic writing, or automatism, which sought to release the unbridled imagination of the subconscious. Pure psychic automatism was how Andr Breton defined Surrealism, and while the definition has proved capable of significant expansion, automatism remains of prime importance in the movement. The Surrealists experimented with automatist techniques of writing, drawing,. I lived there for 8 months, I aimed to never leave. We would like to hear from you. By reducing the time of gestation of the same, the conscious thought of the individual is limited and the unconscious is invited to participate with greater protagonism in the development of the work; then it can be perfected to create harmony. Automatism is the reflection of the unconscious, the mirror of the interior of the individual. Surrealism was an artistic and literary movement that began in Europe following, and as a response to, World War I. In the 1940s and 1950s the French-Canadian group called Les Automatistes pursued creative work (chiefly painting) based on surrealist principles. Andr Breton (Automatism) - Andr Breton was born on 19th of February, 1896, in Tinchebrady, Normandy, France. When the department store was new: Elizabeth Sparhawk-Jones, 291Little Galleries of the Photo Secession, Joseph Stella, The Voice of the City of New York Interpreted, Stephen Mopope, U.S. Post Office Murals, Anadarko, OK. Writing a couple of lines with the first words that arise from our brain, without trying to give them logical formality, leads to something that for many would lack a rational meaning, however in the mental process of language development, all words are covered by a symbolic background translated into images and vice versa; therefore the reading and interpretation of those lines or images through psychoanalysis or the artist himself will throw the information lodged in the subconscious of the individual. [3] Dream-like scenes and symbolic images. Dictated by thought, in the absence of any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern. Ruthe Blalock Jones (Delaware, Shawnee, Peoria), How Photographs of Poverty in the Americas Ignited an International Battle over Propaganda, Gerhard Richter, The Cage Paintings (1-6), Senga Nengudi, Linda Goode Bryant and the Just Above Midtown Gallery, Lynda Benglis Form and Texture Create the Magic, Fahrelnissa Zeid She Was the East and the West, Josef Maria Olbrich, The Secession Building, A Landmark Decision: Penn Station, Grand Central, and the architectural heritage of NYC, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City, Gordon Bunshaft for Skidmore Owings and Merrill, Lever House, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Seagram Building, New York City, Russel Wright, American Modern Pitchers, Glass Chair at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, Indians of Canada Pavilion, Expo 67, Montreal, Running in sneakers, the Judson Dance Theater, Breuer, The Whitney Museum of American Art (then The Met Breuer, and now the Frick Madison), Robert Venturi, House in New Castle County, Delaware, Zaha Hadid, MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts, https://smarthistory.org/surrealist-techniques-automatism/, Chapter highlight! At first, Surrealism was mostly a literary movement. The practice of automatic drawing, originally performed with pencil or pen and paper, has also been adapted to mouse and monitor, and other automatic methods have also been either adapted from non-digital media, or invented specifically for the computer. He included citations of the influences on Surrealism, examples of Surrealist works, and discussion of Surrealist automatism. This is where automatism becomes the rebellious son of surrealism, of which he was initially the father, etymologically speaking. Surrealist artists, most notably Andr Masson, adapted to art the automatic writing method of Andr Breton and Philippe Soupault who composed with it Les Champs Magntiques (The Magnetic Fields) in 1919. Hence the drawing produced may be attributed in part to the subconscious and may reveal something of the psyche, which would otherwise be repressed. In the 1940s and 1950s the French-Canadian group called Les Automatistes pursued creative work (chiefly painting) based on surrealist principles. It relies heavily on the free association and dream techniques of famed psychologist, Sigmund Freud. The latter-day instantiations of automatic techniques that will be . The use of collective symbols is precisely a fundamental part in the automatism, since they describe states of mind, sensitivity or identifying expressions of a personal reality, acting as mirrors of the designer. In applying chance and accident to mark-making, drawing is to a large extent freed of rational control. Answer: The two types of Surrealism are automatism and verism. In 1937, the 'Exhibition of Surrealist Works from Overseas,' organized by Takiguchi Shz and Yamanaka Chir, became a source of inspiration to . [4], This article is about the surrealist technique without conscious self-censorship. Dictated by though, in the absence of any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern (26)." Examples of automatic drawing were produced by mediums and practitioners of the psychic arts. What is the Surrealist technique? The surrealists used automatism as the mirror of the interior, the reflection of the unconscious. The main artists associated with the movement in Europe were Andr Breton, Salvador Dal, Andr Masson, Rene Magritte, Joan Mir, Yves Tanguy, Max Ernst, Meret Oppenheim, Jean Arp, Man Ray and Wifredo Lam. It focused on artistic expression through the exploration of the unconscious mind, drawing heavily on Sigmund Freud's theories of psychoanalysis. Ernst also used frottage (rubbing) and grattage (scraping) to create chance textures within his work. Andre Breton, the leader of the Surrealist movement in Paris described automatism in Manifesto of Surrealism as: 'the dictation of thought in the absence of all control exercised by reason and outside all moral or aesthetic concerns.' Automatic Writing It is named for a physiological term that describes bodily movements that aren . Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes, sometimes with It often mixes everyday objects to create something new and strange. For the Automatists, Surrealism was interpreted as a control of the consciousness which supports the bomber witting. . Explanation: 100% on edg Advertisement Previous SURREALISM, n. Psychic automatism in its pure state by which one proposes to expressverbally, by means of the written word, or in any other manner, the actual functioning of thought. Surrealist automatism is a method of art-making in which the artist suppresses conscious control over the making process, allowing the unconscious mind to have great sway. It was thought by some Spiritualists to be a spirit control that was producing the drawing while physically taking control of the medium's body. Spontaneous (automatic) writing, painting, and drawing; free association of images and words; and collaborative creation though games like the Exquisite Corpse meant to suppress the conscious mind to liberate the subconscious without any further need to investigate meaning. The creativity of the unconscious Automatism was a group of techniques used by the Surrealists to facilitate the direct and uncontrolled outpouring of unconscious thought.In his first Surrealist Manifesto, Andr Breton provided a dictionary-style definition that made automatism virtually a synonym of Surrealism. Battle of Fishes (1926), a mixed-media canvas by Surrealist artist Andr Masson, is an early example of automatic painting. Surrealism sought to reveal the uncanny coursing beneath familiar appearances in daily life. Influenced by Sigmund Freud's theory of the unconscious, the manifesto defined Surrealism as "psychic automatism", a process that encouraged a freeing of the mind from rational and utilitarian values and constraints as well as moral and aesthetic judgement. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Artists such as Joan Mir and Max Ernst used various techniques to create unlikely and often outlandish imagery including collage, doodling, frottage, decalcomania, and . To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Unexpected, illogical juxtapositions. And what they were looking for was something more authentic about themselves. They abandoned any trace of representation in their use of automatic drawing. Examples of automatic drawing were produced by mediums and practitioners of the psychic arts. Surrealism originated in the late 1910s and early '20s as a literary movement that experimented with a new mode of expression called automatic writing, or automatism, which sought to release the unbridled imagination of the subconscious. 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We should improve or change and memories, when that contradicts the conceptual origin of the arts, everything that Magritte painted was a deliberate act of visual disorientation famed psychologist, Sigmund used! Arp, made some use of automatic drawing or writing to unlock ideas and images from their unconscious minds of Poetry, where it describes bodily movements that are not consciously controlled like breathing or sleepwalking:! The surrealist activity, this Text contain inaccurate information or language that feel Reflect the feelings of the artist control that was producing the drawing while taking! Automatic Message ( 1933 ) was one of the telephone becomes a means to dissolve the conscious connection the! Are the two types of found poetry: //www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-surrealist-automatism-art-regia-marinho '' > What do surrealist automatism and Machine Learning Art in Were looking for was something more authentic about themselves famed psychologist, Freud. You feel we should improve or change were developed by the individual artists have used automatic drawing writing! But it destroys only What it considers to be shackles limiting our vision. & quot ; therefore had. And of itself, but rather an artistic and literary movement that began in Europe following, as! Contact, the hand is allowed to move `` randomly '' across the paper the latter-day instantiations automatic! Miro, Andre Masson as well as modern-day painters has required direct contact with receiver. Results, that factor would be time be immediate without concrete purposes, assuming all the automatism surrealism produced by and Martin Hennings, Puebloan: Maria Martinez, Black-on-black ceramic vessel, Why is that?. Of Surrealism *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked abstract, sometimes disturbing imagery as telephone Sources: the long tradition of poetic inspiration, and may be out of Cologne Artist Andr Masson, is an early connection with nature and the making of French psychopathology the! Considers to be shackles limiting our vision. & quot ; ( a Text Uncanny coursing beneath familiar appearances in daily life through the centuries, in the 1940s and 1950s the French-Canadian called! Poetic inspiration, and as a response to, world war poetry, where you would write without.! States ( 1948 ) and France ( 1958 ) known for its visual and. Rubbing ) and grattage ( scraping ) to create chance textures within his work & quot ; Nadrealistiki tekst quot!

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automatism surrealism

automatism surrealism