obesity and puberty in males

Get health tips, inspiring stories and more on our wellness-driven sister blog. Evidence points to the hormone leptin, which is produced by fat cells, as one of the likely culprits, says, Elias and her team have published a new study in the journal, How Stem Cells Grow into Structures That Could Aid Understanding of Infertility, New Insights on Sperm Production Lay Groundwork for Solving Male Infertility, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Harnessed to Reliably Create Embryo-like Structures. However, some limitations must be considered. During the 11-year follow-up in the DNBC, 45794, of these children provided information on pubertal development. Puberty looks different, in terms of both reproductive hormones and breast maturation, in girls with excess total body fat, according to a new study published in the Endocrine Society's Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. After subgroup analyses, the variables including study design [test for subgroup differences (TSD): 2= 7.56, p = 0.006], sample size (TSD: 2= 37.64, p < 0.001), follow-up duration (TSD: 2= 5.21, p = 0.02), definition of early puberty (TSD: 2= 49.26, p < 0.001), and confounders controlled (TSD: 2= 8.09, p = 0.004) were shown to be associated with the between-study heterogeneity. FOIA Update on statural growth and pubertal development in obese children. The existing evidence on the association between childhood and adolescence obesity underlines a further reason for fighting the epidemics of childhood obesity; that is preventing abnormal growth and pubertal patterns. 2022 May 5;22(1):249. doi: 10.1186/s12887-022-03317-y. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted la=en (6 April 2020, date last accessed). To determine central obesity, study personnel measured each boys waistline. Body growth. Our findings add to the growing evidence that supports a causal interpretation of the association of childhood overweight and obesity with earlier pubertal timing. Subgroup analyses for the association between childhood overweight/obesity and early puberty in boys. Moreover, obese children had higher levels of leptin than lean children, which may have contributed to their earlier puberty (35). Bone mineral density and body composition in normal weight, overweight and obese children. We conducted three sensitivity analyses. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help A total of 586 cases with early puberty in 12,796 boys in childhood were identified. For people assigned male at birth, puberty begins at age 11 on average, although starting as early as age 9 or as late as age 14 is still considered normal. Bookshelf A sibling-matched study has indicated earlier age at menarche after rapid childhood weight gain.64 However, important non-shared confounders, such as physical activity and diet, were not adjusted for.64 In our sibling-matched analysis, we adjusted for such non-shared confounders, and we found an earlier age at virtually all the pubertal milestones given higher childhood BMI. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Body mass index and timing of pubertal initiation in boys, Is obesity associated with early sexual maturation? Adj., adjusted; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; ref, reference. To increase the statistical power, these children were sampled according to 12 different prenatal exposures, hypothesized to be causes of earlier pubertal timing, as well as a random sample of 8000 children.38 From August 2012, these 22439 children were invited half-yearly to provide information on pubertal development through web-based questionnaires, from the age of 11.5years until 18years or full maturity (defined as Tanner stage 5 for pubic hair and genital development in boys and Tanner stage 5 for pubic hair and breast development in girls). Our goal was to identify the genes that were differentially expressed in these two brain areas that could provide some clues about the molecular mechanisms associated with pubertal onset and obesity-induced early puberty, Elias says. See Int J Epidemiol. Therefore, the results of this study should be extended with caution. Similar results were found among boys. and transmitted securely. Neurons that respond to leptin in this area have a fundamental role in pubertal development. Identification of modifiable causes of earlier puberty is, therefore, warranted. Adjusted mean age at attaining the pubertal milestones as spline functions of childhood BMI (body mass index). Endocrine Society is a global community of physicians and scientists dedicated to accelerating scientific breakthroughs and improving patient health and well being. Evidence points to the hormone leptin, which is produced by fat cells, as one of the likely culprits, says Carol Elias, Ph.D. , a professor of molecular & integrative . 12, 96 higher skin fold thickness and body fat For instance, among boys age 5 or 6, those with obesity had nearly 2.7 times the odds of starting puberty early, and those with central obesity had almost 6.4 higher odds of puberty before age 9, Mericq reported. BMC Pediatr. Our study is the first time to conduct a meta-analysis of the relationship between childhood overweight/obesity and early puberty in boys, although the association is possible. FOIA Obesity is considered a global health problem affecting more than a third of the population. More notably, the children involved in these studies may have already begun puberty, which can also lead to selective bias in the results. McCartney CR, Blank SK, Prendergast KA. Girls had a significantly higher precocious puberty rate than boys (5.93% vs. 0.87%), particularly in those aged 7 years old (9.20%). All studies included here were of medium or high quality. 81973137 and 82173608). Connections between obesity and puberty. LC, TW, XZ, and YH: critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. There is clear evidence indicating that obesity leads to early appearance of pubertal signs in girls. Peak LH responses correlate with LH peak concentrations. The obese children were heavier at birth than normal-weight children, whereas dietary patterns, physical activity and sedentary behaviour only varied slightly between childhood weight groups (Table1). Obesity, paediatric obesity, adiposity, body mass index, puberty, menarche. In the sibling-matched study, higher BMI was associated with earlier age at attaining most pubertal milestones in girls, but only a tendency toward earlier pubertal timing was observed in boys. For central obesity, which is a more reliable indicator of increased fat mass, the risk was 6.4 times higher. Unadjusted non-shared confounders may cause even stronger confounding in a sibling-matched analysis than in a usual cohort analysis.60 Moreover, the non-differential measurement error on the exposure, childhood BMI, may lead to weaker estimates in the sibling-matched analysis than the cohort analysis.60. Mothers were recruited by their general practitioners during early gestation, from 1996 through 2002. PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE were systematically searched. Puberty was considered precocious using a standard measure for boys: testicle growth (larger than 3 cubic centimeters, or about 0.19 cubic inches) before age 9. Design A large population-based cross-sectional study using multistage, stratified . According to results from studies reported in Table 1, girls with obesity enter puberty earlier compared with girls with normal weight. We will refer to the analysis of these children as the cohort analysis. Any disagreements between the two reviewers will be resolved through discussion or consultation with a third reviewer. Early adiposity rebound: causes and consequences for obesity in children and adults. However, our data were compatible with the normal distribution. Several genetic variants have pleiotropic effects on both obesity and earlier timing of puberty, and these variants may confound the associations in our cohort analysis.34 The sibling-matched design partly corrects for this confounding, as siblings share on average half of their genes. A central fat distribution did not strengthen the association between childhood weight groups and pubertal timing. https://www.dnbc.dk/-/media/arkiv/projekt-sites/dnbc/kodeboeger/pubertetsundersoegelsen/english_pubertyfollowup_codebook_final.pdf? We will refer to the analysis of these siblings as the sibling-matched analysis. The first phase involves height increases from 20 to 25 percent. When utilizing the data among the 346 boys who had complete data, those who arrived at any given maturation stage at a younger age had lower BMI (p < 0.001) and lower adiposity (p < 0.01). Children with high muscle mass, such as tall and athletic boys, are incorrectly classified as overweight/obesity based on their BMI, which can lead to false link between overweight/obesity in childhood and early puberty (38). In the cohort analysis, mothers of obese children were more likely to be lower educated, to be smokers, to have higher pre-pregnancy BMI, to have earlier age at menarche and to have higher parity than mothers of normal-weight children (Table1; Supplementary Tables 1 and 2, available as Supplementary data at IJE online). For the cohort study, information on childhood BMI obtained from the 7-year follow-up in the DNBC was available for 12964 (58%) of the 22439 children invited to participate in the Puberty Cohort (Figure1). The model assumption of normally distributed residuals was inspected by plotting the non-parametric cumulative incidence function based on the Turnbull Estimator against the normal distribution in R (x64 3.3.1).46,47 The assumption of constant variance across covariates was inspected by stratifying these plots on levels of covariates. 13, 14, 16 - 23, 49 - 51 An explanation for the early onset of puberty in these girls might be found in the secretion of adipokines. When modelling all pubertal milestones simultaneously, the pubertal milestones were attained earlier in: overweight boys: 3.1 [95% confidence interval (CI): 4.5, 1.7] months, overweight girls: 5.5 (95% CI: 7.1, 3.9) months, obese boys: 3.5 (95% CI: 5.1, 2.0) months, obese girls: 5.2 (95% CI: 7.1, 3.4) months compared with normal weight (BMI < 85th percentile) children. Ma T, Li YH, Chen MM, Ma Y, Gao D, Chen L, Ma Q, Zhang Y, Liu JY, Wang XX, Dong YH, Ma J. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. Its possible that leptin is speeding up the development of these structures in the base of the brain.. Then, a set of more rigorous selection criteria was used in the screening of the selected studies. Tanner stage 2 (dashed line), Tanner stage 5 (solid line), voice break (dashed line), first ejaculation (solid line) and menarche (solid line). The Danish National Birth Cohort was established with a significant grant from the Danish National Research Foundation. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021264649, PROSPERO CRD42021264649. "Prevention of obesity would prevent a slight delay in timing of puberty," Kaplowitz says. Considering that some studies included in this meta-analysis have not controlled for the key confounders of early puberty, such as race, birth weight and physical activity, it is possible that the increased risks found in this study partly due to differences in these risk factors of early puberty between overweight/obesity in childhood and the reference groups. Add the Michigan Medicine News Break oniTunes or anywhere you listen to podcasts. Received 2021 Oct 27; Accepted 2022 May 6. Therefore, updating the extent of the association of childhood overweight/obesity with risk of early puberty in girls is necessary, which would help to add important data to the knowledge base. Nis Brix, Andreas Ernst, [], and Cecilia Hst Ramlau-Hansen. Of course, every boy is different. Subgroup analyses for the association between childhood overweight/obesity and early puberty in girls are shown in Table 4. Like Podcasts? Girls grow 2-8 inches taller, while boys grow 4-12 inches taller. Additionally, several studies did not find a significant association between childhood obesity and early puberty (1517). Systematic Review Registration To determine the relationship between childhood overweight/obesity and early puberty in both boys and girls. before puberty can occur, a critical body weight or fat mass must be achieved. In our study, the key exposure variable was overweight/obesity in childhood, and the key outcome variable was early puberty. The potential relationship between childhood obesity and earlier puberty onset has major public health implications. For boys, pubertal trends are less clear, but recent data shows similar early onset. Overweight boys tend to enter and finish puberty somewhat earlier than usual, researchers found in a study of nearly 3,900 males aged 6 to 16. Brix N, Ernst A, Lauridsen LLB, Parner ET, Arah OA, Olsen J, et al.. Childhood overweight and obesity and timing of puberty in boys and girls: cohort and sibling-matched analyses. Follow-up of mothers and children has been supported by: the Danish Medical Research Council [SSVF 0646, 27108-0839/06066023, O602-01042B, 0602-02738B]; the Lundbeck Foundation [195/04, R100-A9193];tTheInnovation Fund Denmark [0603-00294B (09067124)];the Nordea Foundation [022013-2014]; Aarhus Ideas [AU R9-A959-13-S804]; University of Copenhagen Strategic Grant [IFSV 2012]; and the Danish Council for Independent Research [DFF 418300594 and DFF 418300152]. Her lab has been studying the role of metabolism in reproduction, looking for clues within the brain to help explain the effects of metabolic signals in pubertal onset and fertility. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Growth of testicles and scrotal sac. In addition, early voice breaking was defined as age at voice breaking earlier than 13 years. and transmitted securely. Sibling-matched analysis: monthly difference in timing of puberty per 5kg/m2 higher BMI. To our knowledge, several potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationships between childhood overweight/obesity and early puberty de Ridder et al. Thus, we used a censored regression model based on the normal distribution fitted by maximum likelihood estimation45 using the -intreg- procedure in STATA 15.1 MP software (Statacorp., College Station, TX). In the sibling-matched analysis, point estimates ranged -9.7 to 0.8months in boys and -18.0 to -3.1months per 5kg/m2 higher childhood BMI (Table3). Begg's test did not show a potential publication bias (z = 0.49, p = 0.624). Even though we adjusted for several non-shared potential confounders, we cannot rule out that there were other important non-shared confounders. et al. Our findings showed that for girls the associate between overweight/obesity and early puberty is definite or strong whereas for males, such an association is possible, prompting that future studies need to further explore the possible relationship between overweight/obesity and early puberty in boys. What we think this means is that brain development is not completed and that puberty starts only when the entire neuropil, including blood vessels and components of the extracellular space, is ready, says Elias. In the sibling-matched analysis, we used a between-within model to obtain the within sibling-pair association as the mean age difference in age at attaining each of the pubertal milestones per 5kg/m2 higher childhood BMI (continuous).52 To remove confounding by shared factors, we included both childhood BMI (continuous) and the mean childhood BMI for each sibling-pair (continuous).36,52 To remove confounding by non-shared confounders, we adjusted for the childs own non-shared confounders as well as the non-shared confounder of the other sibling.36 We used a mixed effect model to model each sibling-pair as a random intercept using STATAs -meintreg- procedure.52. Information on current status of the following pubertal milestones was collected: voice break (yes, no), first ejaculation (yes, no; if yes: year and month), menarche (yes, no; if yes: year and month), acne (yes, no), axillary hair (yes, no) and Tanner stages (1 to 5) for pubic hair development and breast development or genital development.40,41 Tanner stages were illustrated with line drawings assisted by a short description of each stage. The sibling-matched analysis in boys showed a tendency toward earlier puberty given higher childhood BMI, although the estimates had wide confidence intervals. For total obesity, they used weight and height to calculate the body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS). Our results suggest that controlling the obesity epidemic in children could be useful in decreasing these risks.. For instance, among boys age 5 or 6, those with obesity had nearly 2.7 times the odds of starting puberty early, and those with central obesity had almost 6.4 higher odds of puberty before age 9, Mericq reported. Current methods for assessing puberty are unreliable, with a lack of consensus regarding the impact of childhood obesity on breast development and/or age of menarche. Childhood overweight and obesity and timing of puberty in boys and girls: cohort and sibling-matched analyses, GUID:D5741256-F364-46DC-80AE-C2D61A87CB15. Written informed consent was obtained from mothers upon recruitment, covering both mothers participation and childrens participation in the DNBC until they turn 18years of age. For girls, increased adiposity and earlier onset of puberty are linked in many studies. Additional support was obtained from: the Danish Regional Committees; the Pharmacy Foundation; the Egmont Foundation; the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation; the Health Foundation; and other minor grants. When including childhood BMI as a restricted cubic spline, the associations were reasonably linear (Figure2; Supplementary Figure 2, available as Supplementary data at IJE online). Besides, the Frisch hypothesis suggested that menarche occurred at a critical weight, when weight exceeds the threshold, even if weight continues to rise, it's not necessarily accompanied by an increased incidence of early puberty (37). You may switch to Article in classic view. Thus, the non-shared confounders were birth date (for adjustment of calendar time) and the same potential confounders as in the cohort analysis, except maternal age at menarche and highest educational class of parents, which were both shared by the sibling-pairs. Puberty, the transformational period where a child reaches physical and sexual maturity, is a near universal human experience, yet the fundamental processes behind how and when it starts is still a mystery. Kelly Y, Zilanawala A, Sacker A, Hiatt R, Viner R.. A number of limitations merit attention. Previous studies found that girls with obesity start puberty and experience their first menstrual period earlier than girls with normal weight. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (. Secondly, substantial heterogeneity was found in this meta-analysis. PMC legacy view However, in boys the evidence has been controversial.. The reproducibility between the confounding factors controlled across these studies was also limited. Flehmig G, Scholz M, Klting N, Fasshauer M, Tnjes A, Stumvoll M, et al.. 8600 Rockville Pike A comparison of the association in American boys versus girls. car clothes hanger bar near berlin; lambswool feather duster; healthcare assistant jobs in usa with visa sponsorship; nordstrom fitflop sale; clearsight 1 day discontinued The ePub format uses eBook readers, which have several "ease of reading" features Obesity may contribute to early onset of puberty in . The NOS was composed of eight items. by Kimberly Garrison, FOR THE DAILY NEWS. However, case-control studies divided subjects into groups according to whether they suffered from a specific disease or not, and analyzed the association between exposure and outcome through retrospective collection of exposure to a specific factor in the past in each group. 2022 Mar;25(2):93-108. doi: 10.5223/pghn.2022.25.2.93. In the cohort analysis, childhood overweight and obesity were associated with earlier pubertal timing in both boys and girls in a dose-dependent manner. The questionnaire is available online.42. Department of Statistics, UCLA College of Letters and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 4 Lundeen EA, Norris SA, Martorell R. In this study, we estimate the association between childhood body mass index (BMI) and timing of puberty, using a cohort design and a sibling-matched design. Associations between overweight-obesity and puberty timing in children with different genders in China, The interaction role of obesity and pubertal timing on the psychosocial adjustment of adolescent girls: longitudinal data. The DNBC Biobank has been supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation and the Lundbeck Foundation. The growth spurt in boys is the peak of growth during adolescence. The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration, Evidence for a secular trend in age of Menarche. Furthermore, a birth cohort study with 18 years of follow-up found a positive association between obesity and earlier puberty in boys (10) and a cohort and sibling-matched analysis found that higher BMI was associated with earlier age at attaining most pubertal milestones in girls, but only a tendency toward earlier pubertal timing was observed in boys (32). In the cohort analysis, we estimated the adjusted mean age difference in attaining each of the pubertal milestones for childhood overweight and obesity with normal weight as reference. A time trend toward earlier puberty in girls has been observed in many countries, but a time trend is less established in boys.17 This is a concern, as early puberty has been related to adult diseases such as depression, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancers.811 Some authors have suggested the time trend to be partly attributable to the increase in childhood obesity.7,1215 Childhood obesity is associated with hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinism,16 which may initiate earlier puberty either by modulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis17 or by increasing the bioavailability of sex hormones through insulins effect on the liver, adrenals, ovaries and adipose tissue.15 Several epidemiological studies have found obese girls to have earlier age at menarche and onset of breast development than normal-weight girls,14,15,1821 but studies on boys have found conflicting results.5,2233 Genetic factors and socioeconomic factors may, however, have confounded the reported association between childhood obesity and pubertal timing.34,35 Siblings raised together share a number of potential confounding factors, including socioeconomic factors and half of their genes. A comparison of the association in American boys versus girls. In studies with a case-control design, the risk of early puberty related to childhood overweight/obesity (OR: 4.80, 95% CI: 1.8512.43; p<0.001) was significantly higher than that in studies with a cohort design (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.081.43; p = 0.020). After subgroup analyses, the variables including sample size (TSD: 2= 6.40, p = 0.01) and confounders controlled (TSD: 2=12.31, p < 0.001) were shown to be associated with the between-study heterogeneity. . 10 to 15. Maternal smoking in first trimester, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, and maternal age at menarche were obtained from the first interview in pregnancy scheduled around week 12. In 2016, more than 340 million individuals aged 519 were overweight or obese worldwide (5). E-mail: Received 2020 Mar 3; Accepted 2020 Mar 24. Barker DJP, Osmond C, Forsen TJ, Kajantie E, Eriksson JG.. As reported, up to 19.2% individuals aged 718 years old were overweight or obese in China (3). Cohort analysis: monthly difference in timing of puberty across childhood weight groups and per 5kg/m, Sibling-matched analysis: monthly difference in timing of puberty per 5kg/m.

Property Accountant Cover Letter, Propaganda Pretoria Age Restrictions, Gourmandise Bakery Menu, Affordable Rooftop Bars Bangkok, What Are The Types Of Art Expression,

obesity and puberty in males

obesity and puberty in males