persian to roman transliteration

Their first directive (19491952) was to take "the phonetic project adopting the Latin alphabet" as "the main object of [their] research";[21] linguist Zhou Youguang was put in charge of this branch of the committee.[22][23]. Natrlich auch als App. Shabda=shabad. While the Fanqie system was ideal for indicating the conventional pronunciation of single, isolated characters in written Classical Chinese literature, it was unworkable for the pronunciation of essentially polysyllabic, colloquial spoken Chinese dialects, such as Mandarin. [citation needed]. Formally, a string is a finite, ordered sequence of characters such as letters, digits or spaces. A compound word starting with the letter will retain it, even if it goes in the middle of the word: compare "nelegere" (understanding) with "nenelegere" (misunderstanding). Romanization is often termed "transliteration", but this is not technically correct. The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era. In 1993, President of Uzbekistan at the time Islam Karimov proposed a new Uzbek alphabet with c /ts/, , , , , , , until it was replaced with the current 1995 alphabet. Latin Numbers can be expressed in both Arabic and Latin numeral notation. is used in the UNGEGN romanization system to represent the // sound in Khmer. Linguist Daniel Kane wrote, "It used to be said that Formal theory. The Sassanians would not only assume Parthia's legacy as Rome's Persian nemesis, but they would also attempt to restore the boundaries of the Achaemenid Empire by briefly conquering the Levant, Anatolia, and Egypt from the Eastern Roman Empire during the reign of Post-Harappan India had no system for writing Indic languages until the creation (in the 4th-3rd centuries BCE) of the Kharoshti and Brahmi scripts. [2][3] During the winter of 1598, Ricci, with the help of his Jesuit colleague Lazzaro Cattaneo (15601640), compiled a Chinese-Portuguese dictionary as well, in which tones of the romanized Chinese syllables were indicated with diacritical marks. occasionally used to represent the sound /a/ in words like amrono (they loved). Instead of diacritics, Harvard-Kyoto uses capital letters. On the basis that the British, French, Germans, Spanish, Polish and Czechoslovakians have all modified the Latin alphabet for their own usage, and because the Latin alphabet is derived from the Greek alphabet, which, in turn came from Phoenician and Egyptian, there is as much shame attached to using the Latin alphabet as there is in using Arabic numerals and the conventional mathematical symbols, regardless of their point of origin. Ramsey, R.S.(1987). [8][9][10], In 1923, the Kuomintang Ministry of Education instituted a National Language Unification Commission which, in turn, formed an eleven-member romanization unit. [5][6] This would largely reverse the 1995 reform and bring the orthography closer to those of Turkish, Turkmen, Karakalpak, Kazakh (2018 version) and Azerbaijani. Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic script that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Middle East. This scheme is described in NLP Panini Archived 26 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine (Appendix B). Ancient Egyptian, Roman and Persian Gulf pottery has been recovered from the site by an archaeological team from the University of Michigan.Opone is in the thirteenth entry of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, which in part states: . You should consult with an attorney licensed to practice in your jurisdiction before relying upon any of the information presented here. that are part of the. Xerxes I (Old Persian: Xayr; Greek: ; c. 518 August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes the Great, was the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, ruling from 486 to 465 BC.He was the son and successor of Darius the Great (r. 522486 BC) and his mother was Atossa, a daughter of Cyrus the Great (r. [brt dmlr erkn qdr qmmt huquqlrd temblp tuldlr ulr ql ddn shbdrlr br brlr il brdrlrt mu.ml qllr zrur ], "The Governmental Portal of the Republic of Uzbekistan", " ", " ", "Uzbekistan unveils its latest bash at Latin alphabet", "Uzbekistan Moves to Make Its Latin Script Closer to One Used in Turkey", " ", Uzbekistan Aims For Full Transition To Latin-Based Alphabet By 2023, " 2023 ", "Uzbekistan: Keeping the Karakalpak Language Alive", " : sh ch , ", "Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts: Uzbek", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_alphabet&oldid=1119217941, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, like a "k", but further back in the throat, tutuq belgisi () ("apostrophe"); ayirish/ajratish belgisi (). It is easily adaptable to the task of recording Chinese pronunciation. A Chinaman has no conception of the number or character of the sounds which he utters when he says mau-ping; indeed one man will call it maw (mor)-bing, and another mo-piang, without the first man perceiving the difference. It seems you have Javascript turned off in your browser. Devanagari is an Indian script used for many languages of India and Nepal, including Hindi, Marathi, Nepali and Sanskrit.There are several somewhat similar methods of transliteration from Devanagari to the Roman script (a process sometimes called romanization), including the influential and lossless IAST notation. The character U+02BC MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE (tutuq belgisi) is used to mark the phonetic glottal stop when it is put immediately before a vowel in borrowed words, as in sanat (art). Wu Yuzhang (one of the creators of Latinxua Sinwenz) was appointed Chairman. Physical layout is the actual positioning of keys on a keyboard.Visual layout is the arrangement of the legends (labels, markings, engravings) that As most Indians are familiar with the Roman script through the English language (which traditionally does not use diacritics), these transliteration systems are much less widely known. Persian is classified as an Iranian language, whereas Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language.They fall under the larger grouping of the Indo-Iranian languages, and hence share some linguistic features due to common descent.. Wade's system, introduced in 1859, was used by the British Consular Service. The traditional polytonic orthography of Greek uses several distinct diacritical marks to render what was originally the pitch accent of Ancient Greek and the presence or absence of word-initial /h/. and are both represented by d) has come in for repeated criticism and inspired several proposed modifications of Hunterian, including using a diacritic below retroflexes (e.g. is used in the ISO 9:1995 system of Russian transliteration as the letter . is used in the ISO 9:1995 system of Ukrainian transliteration to represent the letter . Vietnamese. Because English orthography has changed so much from the original Greek, modern scholarly transliteration now usually renders as k and the diphthongs , , , as ai, oi, ei, ou.[3]. Such as, for example, Lin (1972), and Simon (1975). The "Soviet experiment with latinized Chinese came to an end [in 1936]" when most of the Chinese immigrant workers were repatriated to China (Norman, 1988, p. 261). The Antonine Plague of 165 to 180 AD, also known as the Plague of Galen (after Galen, the physician who described it), was the first known pandemic impacting the Roman Empire, possibly contracted and spread by soldiers who were returning from campaign in the Near East.Scholars generally believe the plague was smallpox, although measles has also been suggested. it reflects both the sound and the meaning of the transcribed word.For example, "Modern Standard Chinese shngn "sonar", uses the characters shng "sound" and n "receive, accept". shng is a phonetically imperfect rendering of the English initial syllable. Putonghua (Standard Chinese)].[25]. The dictionary was finally published in 2001. There have been many systems using Roman characters to represent Chinese throughout history. Knowing your Latin numbers is essential for any Latin speaker, whether you're a beginner or advanced, so I've included a table below for your convenience. Making the actual pronunciation conventions of spoken Chinese intelligible to non-Chinese-speaking students, especially those with no experience of a, Transcribing the citation pronunciation of specific. 'National Language Romanization') system, proclaimed on 26 September 1928. Times are changed. An important feature of IAST is that it is losslessly reversible,[citation needed] i.e., IAST transliteration may be converted back to correct Devangar or to other South Asian scripts without ambiguity. Modern Greek punctuation generally follows French with the notable exception of Greek's use of a separate question mark, the erotimatiko, which is shaped like the Latinate semicolon. Nanking syllabary is one of various romanization systems given in a popular Chinese-English dictionary by Herbert Giles. Type the way you want Get your message across in the language and style you want. (For a full table of the signs and their values, see Greek numerals. However, many capitalize retroflex consonants on QWERTY keyboard in informal messaging. Systems. Between 1928 and 1940, as part of comprehensive programmes to "educate" (politically influence) Uzbek people, who for the first time now had their own cartographically delineated (administrative) region, Uzbek writing was switched to Latin script (Yanalif; a proposal for the latinization of Yana imla was already developed in 1924). The lists do not show all contributions to every state ballot measure, or each independent expenditure committee formed to support or Xerxes I (Old Persian: Xayr; Greek: ; c. 518 August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes the Great, was the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, ruling from 486 to 465 BC.He was the son and successor of Darius the Great (r. 522486 BC) and his mother was Atossa, a daughter of Cyrus the Great (r. The material and information contained on these pages and on any pages linked from these pages are intended to provide general information only and not legal advice. The spread of the Latin alphabet among previously illiterate peoples has inspired the creation of new writing systems, such as the Avoiuli alphabet in Vanuatu, which replaces the letters of the Latin alphabet with alternative symbols. Knowing your Latin numbers is essential for any Latin speaker, whether you're a beginner or advanced, so I've included a table below for your convenience. Ladefoged, Peter; & Wu, Zhongji. Devangar consonants include an "inherent a" sound, called the schwa, that must be explicitly represented with an "a" character in the transliteration. In the older ANSI and ISO 8859-1 encoding standards, however, the symbol is simply A9. The deadline in Uzbekistan for making this transition has been repeatedly changed. A keyboard layout is any specific physical, visual or functional arrangement of the keys, legends, or key-meaning associations (respectively) of a computer keyboard, mobile phone, or other computer-controlled typographic keyboard.. This difficulty is avoided with the system developed in 1996 by Frans Velthuis for TeX, loosely based on IAST, in which case is irrelevant. Romanization facilitates entering characters on standard keyboards such as QWERTY. A circumflex is also used in the word , which is both a preposition, meaning "with, by means of, as", and the third person non-past singular of the verbal noun mynd "go". In these cases each of the two letters is transcribed separately according to the normal rules for single letters. South Korea now officially uses this system which was approved in 2000. Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic script that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Middle East. Linguist Daniel Kane wrote, "It used to be said that sinologists had to be like musicians, who might compose in one key and readily transcribe into other keys. Formal theory. It differs from IAST in the use of the symbols and for and (e and o are used for the short vowels present in many Indian languages), the use of '' for the consonant (in Kannada) , and the absence of symbols for , and . Romanized Devanagari is also called Romanagari. The Latin alphabet came into use for writing the West Slavic languages and several South Slavic languages, as the people who spoke them adopted Roman Catholicism. Was Hanyu Pinyin to be created solely to facilitate the spread of Putonghua throughout China? All of the members of its initial governing body belonged to either the Latinxua Sinwenz movement (Ni Haishu (), Lin Handa (), etc.) Romanization of Chinese (Chinese: ; pinyin: zhngwn ldnghu) is the use of the Latin alphabet to transliterate Chinese.Chinese uses a logographic script and its characters do not represent phonemes directly. A new voluntary working subcommittee was independently formed by a group of five scholars who strongly advocated romanization. S is used to represent the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Cyrillic " " at the beginning of a word and after a vowel is "Ye ye" in Latin. Tables that lack dates are scanned from the 1997 printed edition. It originated at IIT Kanpur for computational processing of Indian languages and is widely used among the natural language processing (NLP) community in India. Published 2001, Biblioteca Nacional. Cheh4). Others, like Pinyin, indicate the tone with diacritics: m, m, m, m. Etymology. It was adopted and promulgated by the Fifth Session of the First National People's Congress on 11 February 1958. Phonetically, is traditionally pronounced as //, but is nowadays rarely distinguished from /a/ in many dialects such as in Parisian French. For modern alphabets derived from it used in other languages and applications, see, 12 sovereign states and 1 supranational organization, IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies. is the 3rd letter of the Vietnamese alphabet and represents //. [10] Thus, (life) was previously romanized as jn but began to be romanized as jn. [citation needed] Theodor Aufrecht published his 1877 edition of the Rigveda in romanized Sanskrit, and Arthur Macdonell's 1910 Vedic grammar (and 1916 Vedic grammar for students) likewise do without Devanagari (while his introductory Sanskrit grammar for students retains Devanagari alongside romanized Sanskrit). [34], John DeFrancis has described Mao Zedong's belief that pinyin would eventually replace Chinese characters, but this has not come to pass, and in fact such a plan had already ceased together with the end of Latinxua Sinwenz movement.[35]. [20], Hinglish refers to the non-standardized Romanized Hindi used online, and especially on social media. [citation needed]. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, known before the Papyrus 115 finding but dating to after it, has From the very outset, it was intended that the Latinxua Sinwenz system, once established, would supersede the Chinese characters. Albanian Arabic Armenian Azerbaijani Belarusian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Esperanto Estonian Filipino/Tagalog Finnish French (Haitian Creole) Gaelic (Irish Gaelic) Galician Georgian German Greek Greek (Ancient) Hebrew Hindi Hungarian is used to indicate the consonant before "a" is palatalized, as in "kr" (profit). Online version of Sulayman Hayyim's 'New Persian-English dictionary, complete and modern, designed to give the English meanings of over 50,000 words, terms, idioms, and proverbs in the Persian language, as well as the transliteration of the words in English characters. ITRANS is an extension of Harvard-Kyoto. Since Greek typefaces and fonts are not always supported or robust, Greek email and chatting has adopted a variety of formats for rendering Greek and Greek shorthand using Latin letters. - . Most European language texts use the Chinese Hanyu Pinyin system (usually without tone marks) since 1979 as it was adopted by the People's Republic of China. Mantra=mantar. The Temple in Jerusalem, or alternatively the Holy Temple (Hebrew: , Modern: Bt haMqda, Tiberian: B hamMqd; Arabic: , Bayt al-Maqdis), refers to the two now-destroyed religious structures that served as the central places of worship for Israelites and Jews on the modern-day Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem. Uzbeks of Afghanistan also write the language using the Arabic script, and the Arabic Uzbek alphabet is taught at some schools in the country. Stalin, J.V., "Concerning Marxism in Linguistics". Currently most typists do not bother with the differentiation between the modifier letter turned comma and modifier letter apostrophe as their keyboard layouts likely accommodate only the straight apostrophe. A pictorial explanation is here from Anthony Stone. [citation needed] Transliteration is the direct representation of foreign letters using Latin symbols, while most systems for romanizing Arabic are actually transcription systems, which represent the sound of the language, since short vowels and geminate consonants, for example, does not If you know your numbers from 1-100, I promise you'll impress your friends for many a Superbowl to come This means that an accent over the first letter of the pair indicates vowels which should be taken (and romanized) separately. it reflects both the sound and the meaning of the transcribed word.For example, "Modern Standard Chinese shngn "sonar", uses the characters shng "sound" and n "receive, accept". shng is a phonetically imperfect rendering of the English initial syllable. The latest version of ITRANS is version 5.30 released in July 2001. The deadline in Uzbekistan for making this transition has been repeatedly changed. Comparison of WX with other schemes is found in Huet (2009), App A.. Vedatype is another scheme used for encoding Vedic texts at Maharishi University of Management. [citation needed] Transliteration is the direct representation of foreign letters using Latin symbols, while most systems for romanizing Arabic are actually transcription systems, which represent the sound of the language, since short vowels and geminate consonants, for example, does not Although there are several transliteration conventions on transliterating Hindi to Roman, most of these are reliant on diacritics. The ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for Non-Roman Scripts, is approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association.Links from tables followed by dates indicate when they were approved, revised, or newly produced from Word files. The capital is sometimes seen on webpages when the page has been saved in an encoding different from that used to view it. The ISO approved in 1997 its version, ISO 843, with a different Type 1 transliteration system, which was adopted four years later by ELOT itself, while the U.N. did not update its version. This early system was replaced by Greek numerals which employed the entire alphabet, including the nonstandard letters digamma, stigma, or sigma-tau (placed between epsilon and zeta), koppa (placed between pi and rho), and sampi (placed after omega). The primary mark of punctuation was the interpunct, which was used as a word divider, though it fell out of use after 200 AD. Apart from the diacritical marks native to Greek itself or used to romanize its characters, linguists also regularly mark vowel length with macrons () marking long vowels and rounded breves () marking short vowels. However, the majority of influence from Persian is direct, through a process often called Persianization. C2 corresponds to , as seen in the chart above, and A9 devolves to the symbol, so the result seen by the person reading the page is that is, the correct symbol but with an prepended. Most such "Romanagari" is transliterated arbitrarily to imitate English spelling, and thus results in numerous inconsistencies. [2], Cattaneo's system, with its accounting for the tones, was not lost, however. That distinguishes it in writing from the similarly pronounced a, meaning "and; whether; who, which, that". "Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names: Montreal, 1831 August 1987", United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, Transliteration of the Passport Holder's Name in Latin, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&oldid=1119671663, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with Greek-language sources (el), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019, Instances of Lang-el using second unnamed parameter, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, before voiceless consonants and word-finally. It has been used for centuries all over the world. The sound of the English letter B (/b/) was written as in ancient Greek but is now written as the digraph , while the modern sounds like the English letter V (/v/) instead. The work towards constructing the Latinxua Sinwenz (Chinese: ; pinyin: Ldnghu Xn Wnz; lit. 300. This solution is similar to Input method Editors, which are traditionally used to input text in languages that use complex characters such as Chinese, Japanese or Korean. Below is a table of Uzbek Cyrillic and Latin alphabets with represented sounds.[12][13]. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is a subset of the ISO 15919 standard, used for the transliteration of Sanskrit, Prakrit and Pi into Roman script with diacritics. It is often found in final syllables in which the letters occur twice a and combine to produce a long stressed vowel. Should Hanyu Pinyin's pronunciation be based on that of Beijing? Until 1992, Uzbek continued to be written using a Cyrillic alphabet almost everywhere, but now in Uzbekistan the Latin script has been officially re-introduced, although the use of Cyrillic is still widespread. fli in the inscription depicted. ], ISO 15919[13] uses diacritics to map the much larger set of Brahmic graphemes to the Latin script. Linguist Daniel Kane wrote, "It used to be said that Where the location of the stressed syllable is predictable, such as in "ando" (I walk), the circumflex accent is not used. ( 743), 743 , Hellenic National Passport Center. There have been many systems using Roman characters to represent Chinese throughout history. In most informal transcriptions the distinction between retroflex and dental consonants is not indicated. Monier-Williams in his 1899 dictionary used , and sh for IAST c, and , respectively. Until 1992, Uzbek continued to be written using a Cyrillic alphabet almost everywhere, but now in Uzbekistan the Latin script has been officially re-introduced, although the use of Cyrillic is still widespread. Latin Numbers can be expressed in both Arabic and Latin numeral notation. The disadvantage of the above ASCII schemes is case-sensitivity, implying that transliterated names may not be capitalized. It has also been increasingly adopted by Turkic-speaking countries, beginning with Turkey in the 1920s. While the use of the Cyrillic alphabet would strengthen ties with the U.S.S.R., the Latin alphabet is familiar to most Russian students, and its use would strengthen the ties between China and many of its Southeast Asian neighbours who are already familiar with the Latin alphabet. Other well-known systems include WadeGiles (Mandarin) and Yale Romanization (Mandarin and Cantonese). Persian and Urdu are distinct languages. Due to the remarkable proliferation of different varieties of Brahmi in the Middle Ages, there is today no single script used for writing Sanskrit; rather, Sanskrit scholars can write the language in a form of whatever script is used to write their local language. "Principal Orthographic Rules For The Uzbek Language", the Uzbekistan Cabinet of Minister's Resolution No. It uses a more regular spelling of Mandarin phonemes than other systems of its day.[d]. Revised Romanization of Korean (RR, also called South Korean or Ministry of Culture (MC) 2000): This is the most commonly used and widely accepted system of romanization for Korean.It includes rules both for transcription and for transliteration. This letter also appears in French, Friulian, Frisian, Portuguese, Turkish, Walloon, and Welsh languages as a variant of the letter "a". The consequence is that a higher degree of comfort and happiness is reached by many who could never have risen above the level of the serf and the slave without this intellectual lever. Places of articulation: An investigation of Pekingese fricatives and affricates. The Latinization of Uzbek was carried out in the context of Latinization of all Turkic languages.[1]. Demotic (from Ancient Greek: dmotiks, 'popular') is the ancient Egyptian script derived from northern forms of hieratic used in the Nile Delta, and the stage of the Egyptian language written in this script, following Late Egyptian and preceding Coptic.The term was first used by the Greek historian Herodotus to distinguish it from hieratic and hieroglyphic scripts. The most distinctive aspect of this new system was that, rather than relying upon marks or numbers, it indicated the tonal variations of the "root syllable" by a systematic variation within the spelling of the syllable itself. It is also detrimental to search engines, which do not classify Hindi text in the Roman script as Hindi. Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN), was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts[15] on Geographical Names (UNGEGN)[16] and covers many Brahmic scripts. Method. 300. Was Hanyu Pinyin going to supersede Chinese written characters altogether, or would it simply provide a guide to pronunciation? Together with a sufficient treatment of all the grammatical features of the Persian Language' [9][10] Similar deadlines had been extended several times.[11]. That generally obviates the need for transliteration. In Vietnamese phonology, diacritics can be added to form five forms to represent five tones of : In Welsh, is used to represent long stressed a [a] when, without the circumflex, the vowel would be pronounced as short [a], e.g., r [ar] "arable", as opposed to ar [ar] "on", or gwr [war] "civilised, humane", rather than gwar [war] "nape of the neck". All five points paraphrased from Hsia (1956), pp.119121. Unfortunately, the manuscript was misplaced in the Jesuit Archives in Rome, and not re-discovered until 1934. Ancient Egyptian, Roman and Persian Gulf pottery has been recovered from the site by an archaeological team from the University of Michigan.Opone is in the thirteenth entry of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, which in part states: . The Wade, Wade-Giles, and Postal systems still appear in the European literature, but generally only within a passage cited from an earlier work. [29] The Pinyin subtitles that had first appeared on the masthead of the People's Daily newspaper and the Red Flag journal in 1958 did not appear at all between July 1966 and January 1977. These writing systems, though adequate for Middle Indic languages, were not well-adapted to writing Sanskrit. [citation needed]. The ITRANS transliteration scheme was developed for the ITRANS software package, a pre-processor for Indic scripts. It is used only occasionally and then disambiguates homographs, which differ only by syllable length. However, the majority of influence from Persian is direct, through a process often called Persianization. Natrlich auch als App. Modern Greek. "" can be used in Berber Latin alphabet to represent []. The term Latin alphabet may refer to either the alphabet used to write Latin (as described in this article) or other alphabets based on the Latin script, which is the basic set of letters common to the various alphabets descended from the classical Latin alphabet, such as the English alphabet.These Latin-script alphabets may discard letters, like the Rotokas alphabet, or The Sassanians would not only assume Parthia's legacy as Rome's Persian nemesis, but they would also attempt to restore the boundaries of the Achaemenid Empire by briefly conquering the Levant, Anatolia, and Egypt from the Eastern Roman Empire during the reign of The Uzbek language has been written in various scripts: Latin, Cyrillic and Arabic. "Zosimus the Alchemist") was a Greco-Egyptian alchemist and Gnostic mystic who lived at the end of the 3rd and beginning of the 4th century AD. The Cyrillic letters and (capital occurs only in all-capitals writing) are used only in loanwords. Should Hanyu Pinyin be Mandarin-specific, or adaptable to other dialects and other Chinese varieties? making =d and =D, which requires no diacritic printing but is less readable because it mixes small and capital letters in words).[11]. The grapheme , (S with caron) is used in various contexts representing the sh sound like in the word show, usually denoting the voiceless postalveolar fricative // or similar voiceless retroflex fricative //. He was born in Panopolis (present day Akhmim, in the south of Roman Egypt), and flourished ca. A transcription into Chinese characters can sometimes be a phono-semantic matching, i.e. [17] Other romanization systems still encountered are the BGN/PCGN's earlier 1962 system[12][7] and the system employed by the American Library Association and the United States' Library of Congress. The empty string is the special case where the sequence has length zero, so there are no symbols in the string. The use of capital letters makes typing in Harvard-Kyoto much easier than in IAST but produces words with capital letters inside them.

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persian to roman transliteration

persian to roman transliteration