race riots 1960s detroit

Jim Crow was more than a series of rigid anti-black laws. Turning Points: The Detroit Riot of 1967, A Canadian Perspective. While that violence has impacted almost every ethnic and racial group in the United States, it has had a particularly horrific effect on African American life. [6] This effectively limited options for African Americans to purchase houses outside of these areas, or acquire resources to repair their already damaged homes in these areas. However, the entire city was affected between Sunday, July 23, and Thursday, July 27. Edwards tried to recruit and promote black police officers, but he refused to establish a civilian police review board, as African Americans had requested. In 1970, First Independence National Bank (now First Independence Bank) gave African Americans capital which was generally inaccessible due to redlining; this provided social mobility and better living conditions. [20], The ratio of Newark officers respective to their ethnicity has increased as of 2000, when Newark was 52% black, 34% Latino, and 14% white,[21] the Newark Police Department was 37% black, 27% Hispanic and 36% white. We have all these things destroyed before we ever. [25] The meeting concluded with prayers at the Washington National Cathedral. Some residents went to City Hall and shouted angry protests. "[86] Yet ultimately, if the riot is interpreted as a rebellion, or a way for black grievances to be heard and addressed, it was partly successful. At the beginning of the 20th century, Los Angeles was geographically divided by ethnicity, as demographics were being altered by the rapid migration from the Philippines (U.S. unincorporated territory at the time) and immigration from Mexico, Japan, Korea, and Southern and Eastern Europe. The Federal Bureau of Investigation reported that H. Rap Brown was in Baltimore driving a Ford Mustang with Broward County, Florida tags, and was assembling large groups of angry protesters and agitating them to escalate the rioting. Increasingly, the downtowns of large cities became home to lower-income minorities, many of them southern blacks. About 200 Guardsmen and the LAPD were sent to assist the Long Beach Police Department (LBPD) in controlling the unruly crowd. By 10:30 pm, a riot had begun, with youths pelting police with rocks and Molotov cocktails (crude, homemade bombs made. Shot with William Jones in liquor store looting. Race, riots and reputation: Has N.J.'s largest city recovered? Senator Richard Russell felt Johnson was not going far enough to suppress the violence. The presence of Ku Klux Klan members throughout Michigan furthered racial tensions and violence. More than 200 Trenton businesses, mostly in Downtown, were ransacked and burned. "Autobiography of Malcolm X". It was one of the dozen wartime industrial cities that suffered race-related riots in the summer of 1943, along with Mobile, Alabama; Among the whites who died were 5 civilians, 2 firefighters, 1 looter, 1 police officer, and 1 Guardsman. [43] Those opinions concerning racism and discrimination were expressed three years after hearings conducted by a committee of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights took place in Los Angeles to assess the condition of relations between the police force and minorities. [26] A 46-square-mile (120km2) swath of Los Angeles was transformed into a combat zone during the ensuing six days. Ann Arbor, Mich: New Ghetto Press, 1970. Conyers' car was pelted with rocks and bottles.[60]. Cohen, Jerry; Murphy, William S. (July 15, 1966). When he left the meeting, he went to the Central Ward where he realized he would need to take action on them much sooner. The riots were also depicted in the films Dreamgirls, Across the Universe and Detroit. [27] Watts and all black-majority areas in Los Angeles were put under the curfew. They played an important role in segregating Detroit and escalating racial tensions in the city. White landlords from New York visiting their building were arrested after a sniper call and beaten so horribly that "their testicles were still black and blue two weeks after the incident. Such real-estate practices severely restricted educational and economic opportunities available to the minority community. Even before the Detroit riot had ended, insurrections were erupting in other Michigan cities, including Pontiac, Saginaw, Kalamazoo, and Grand Rapids. Broke into Stanley's Patent Medicine and Package Store; shot by the owner Stanley Meszezenski. There, Lee took several grim photos of a police officer gunning down 24-year-old William Furr, who was caught in an act of stealing a six pack of beer from the ransacked Mack's Liquors store; both Lee and Wittner had earlier met Furr who barged into the latter's conversation with a Black Muslim man regarding the rioting situation. Rioters smashed store windows and looted merchandise. For example, the neighborhood around 12th Street had a population density that was twice the city average. [101] In the following question, Farley's claim was validated as the stark contrast in national vs. Detroiter perception of what the future would be like was apparent. In the 1960s, the LAPD was promoted[by whom?] The unemployment rate among blacks was 11 percentdouble the national averageand even higher among black youths. Cincinnati Race Riots, 1836 The Pennsylvania Hall Fire, 1838 Christina (Pennsylvania) Riot, 1851. This song was subsequently banned by radio stations in 30 American states. [contradictory] It was not despair that fueled the riot. [6] These discriminatory practices and the effects of the segregation that resulted from them contributed significantly to the racial tensions in the city before the riot. [13], Following the US entry into World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the federal government removed and interned 70,000 Japanese-Americans from Los Angeles, leaving empty spaces in predominantly Japanese-owned areas. The arrival of federal troops shifted the riot back to the neighborhood where it had started. "[58] Firefighters of the Detroit Fire Department who were attempting to fight the fires were shot at by rioters. Projects like Sojurner Truth were erected in 1941 to account for the unfair bias against African Americans in their housing search. At this point, accounts vary, with some saying that the crowd threw rocks through the precinct windows and police then rushed outside wearing hard hats and carrying clubs. The next night, the city was put under curfew, and nearly 1,500 National Guardsmen were brought in to subdue the violence. These urban conditions are often associated with urban decay more generally and may include: discrimination, poverty, high unemployment, poor schools, poor healthcare, housing inadequacy and police brutality and bias.[1]. [7][8] It was the city's worst unrest until the Rodney King riots of 1992. The most prominent was "Black Day in July", written and sung by Canadian singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot for his 1968 album Did She Mention My Name?. Detroit Police were found to have committed many acts of abuse against both blacks and whites who were in their custody. Joyce Carol Oates's 1969 novel them climaxes with the riot. [50] She never recovered the impounded 1955 Buick which her son had been driving because the storage fees exceeded the car's value.[51]. Although it seemed positive for working class individuals, the negative effects can still be felt today. [citation needed] As an interim measure, the Trenton Fire Department fabricated temporary cab enclosures from steel deck plating until new equipment could be obtained. Black leaders were increasingly upset that the Newark Police Department remained dominated by white officers, who would routinely stop and question black youths with or without provocation. Even before the Detroit riot had ended, insurrections were erupting in other Michigan cities, including Pontiac, Saginaw, Kalamazoo, and Grand Rapids. [30], To quell the riots, Chief Parker initiated a policy of mass arrest. By 1967, Newark was one of the United States' first majority-black cities, but was still controlled by white politicians. The global context of this campaign changed the trajectory of black political and professional power and opportunity. As just 10% of those polled by the Washington Post/ABC News believed that race relations we getting better, whereas 33% of white and 22% of black Detroiters thought they had improved over the past 10 years and 50% of white and 41% of blacks believed they would improve over the next five. The assassination and riots radicalized many, helping to fuel the Black Power movement.[41]. Smith was desperate for money and continued to do his work as a cab driver despite his license being revoked. The riots were partly a response to Proposition 14, a constitutional amendment sponsored by the California Real Estate Association and passed that had in effect repealed the Rumford Fair Housing Act. President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 directing defense contractors not to discriminate in hiring or promotions, opening up new opportunities for minorities. City residents voted against a school-tax increase. Mayor Washington imposed a curfew and banned the sale of alcohol and guns in the city. White groups like "Breakthrough" started by city employee Donald Lobsinger, a Parks and Recreation Department employee, wanted to arm whites and keep them in the city because if Detroit "became black" there would be "guerrilla warfare in the suburbs". George Romney was expected to run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968, and President Johnson, a Democrat, did not want to commit troops solely on Romney's direction. Army paratroopers were ordered not to load their weapons except under the direct order of an officer. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Young helped organize the National Negro Labor Council (NNLC) and became its executive director. Others include the 1967 song "The Motor City Is Burning" by John Lee Hooker,[104] which was also recorded by the MC5 on their 1969 album Kick Out the Jams; "Panic in Detroit", from David Bowie's 1973 album Aladdin Sane; The Temptations' 1970 single "Ball of Confusion (That's What The World Is Today)"; The Spinners 1973 single "Ghetto Child"; Marvin Gaye's "What's Happening Brother" from his 1971 album What's Going On; The title track from Detroit producer and DJ Moodymann's 2008 EP Det.riot '67, which sampled audio recordings from news reels talking about the riot. Although the conflict seems minor when compared to the urban riots to come, it was the first major outbreak of urban violence in a generation. But I know one thing: that we've got to handle them with muscle and with toughness. [22] As of 2016, the force was 35% black, while the Latino portion had increased to 41%.[23]. Wright was stabbed to death and his wife was beaten. There, about one hundred rioting snipers took up positions and began shooting. Many believe them to be the greatest wave of social unrest the United States had experienced since the Civil War. A national Washington Post/ABC News poll found that only 32% of the people they polled believed race relations were good, as opposed to the 56% and 47% of the white and black Detroiters surveyed, respectively. Issues included class size, school boundaries, and how white teachers treated black students. Romney appealed to President Lyndon B. Johnson (19081973; served 196369) to send in federal troops. Chikota, Richard A. and Michael C. Moran. "[63], A four-year-old girl named Tanya Blanding was shot and killed during the riot while she huddled in the living room of her second-floor apartment, a few steps from the intersection of 12th and Euclid, in the heart of the original riot area (precinct 10). Flint, Michigan Riot, 1967 The Watts riots, sometimes referred to as the Watts Rebellion or Watts Uprising, took place in the Watts neighborhood and its surrounding areas of Los Angeles from August 11 to 16, 1965.. On August 11, 1965, Marquette Frye, a 21-year-old African-American man, was pulled over for drunken driving. Most white business owners quickly pulled out or were forced out of Parkland and surrounding areas. [54] Added to this was Mayor Jerome Cavanagh's own political and personal clash with Romney. Around 70,000 people were "sympathetic, but not active. Sporadic violence and looting occurred in Harlem, the largest African-American neighborhood in Manhattan. Lynching in the United States was the widespread occurrence of extrajudicial killings which began in the preCivil War South in the 1830s and ended during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. The work includes "broad strokes of color that appear spontaneous, give form to the artists memories of strength and resolve of black people facing intense opposition to change. [15] Detroit police used Big 4 or Tac Squads, each made up of four police officers, to patrol Detroit neighborhoods, and such squads were used to combat soliciting. People began to smash windows and loot stores, setting fires as they went along. However, rumors (which turned out to be untrue) were spread that Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee speaker Stokely Carmichael's plane to Louisville was being intentionally delayed by white people. He pursued direct engagement with the political system (as opposed to the separatist ideas of black nationalism). [citation needed], 7,231 people were arrested: 6,528 adults and 703 juveniles; the youngest was 4 and the oldest was 82. The losses incurred by downtown businesses were initially estimated by the city to be $7 million, but the total of insurance claims and settlements came to $2.5 million. Also found asphyxiated in the basement of Brown's Drug Store. Chicago Race Riot, 1919 Money was included for replacement housing in the legislation, but the goal of urban renewal was to physically reshape the city; its social effects on neighborhoods was not well understood. Rioters tore up sidewalks and bricks to hurl at Guardsmen and police, and to smash their vehicles. Damages reached $27 million. Korvette store in Southgate[71] and very minimal violence was reported in Hamtramck. Part of the process of comprehending the damage was to survey the attitudes and beliefs of people in Detroit. Mayor-Commissioner Washington, who was the last presidentially appointed mayor of Washington, went on to become the city's first elected mayor. Lee Linder Newark, N.J. (Associated Press), Racial Violence Erupts in Newark. Shugar was convicted of. [50] A number of adjoining communities also enacted curfews. On July 14, the National Guard was brought in to help restore order. CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal, University of Pennsylvania, Diary of a Riot: The Where, The How And Little of the Why. White businesses tended to be targeted; however, white public and community buildings such as schools and churches were largely spared. Charles Ramsey gained his reputation with the Chicago Police Department in the early 1990s when he created, Stokely Carmichael New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2013, P. 35. "[95], After the riot, in one of the biggest changes, automakers and retailers lowered the entry-level job requirements. Violence and vandalism continued to rage the next day, but had subdued somewhat by May 29. Business owners began to return, although troops remained until June 4. The Riots | Thirteen/WNET", "Crossroads Pt. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2011, P. 989. The riots utterly devastated Washington's inner city economy. According to police, liquor stores were the main target of looters. In August 1968, riots broke out in Miami, at the time of the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami Beach. Chicot County Race War, 1871 White middle-class residents left for other towns across North Jersey, in one of the largest examples of white flight in the country. Senator Robert Byrd suggested that Washington, D.C. ought to be occupied indefinitely by the army.[29]. Major companies like Packard, Hudson, and Studebaker, as well as hundreds of smaller companies, went out of business. Plainfield, New Jersey Riot, 1967 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. spoke two days after the riots happened in Watts. The Cicero Riot of 1951, Cambridge, Maryland Riot, 1963 [citation needed]. After he failed a field sobriety test, officers attempted to arrest him. The riot peaked on April 7 in which one person was killed and 3,600 National Guardsmen were deployed into the city. [citation needed] Mayor Jerome Cavanagh lamented upon surveying the damage, "Today we stand amidst the ashes of our hopes. On July 23, 1967, at 4:00 am, Detroit police raided an after-hours bar in a poor neighborhood and arrested eighty people. The 1967 Detroit Riots were among the most violent and destructive riots in U.S. history. [98], Following Senator Richard Austin, the first black person in various political and professional positions, came Senator Coleman Young. Several community leaders arrived and told the crowd that no decision had been reached, and alluded to disturbances in the future if the officer was reinstated. The next morning, Michigan governor George Romney (19071995) proclaimed a state of emergency, set a 9:00 pm curfew, and called in state troopers and the National Guard. Composed mainly of confrontations between Black residents and the Detroit Police Department, it began in the early morning hours of Sunday July 23, 1967, in Detroit, Michigan. Black citizens complained that the police did not respond to their calls as quickly as to those of white citizens. Television news reporters on the scene filmed the rioting. The poll took place from July 1419th, a time period the Detroit Free Press noted was "during the ongoing national furor over police shooting of African-American civilians, and retaliatory attacks on officers in Dallas and Baton Rouge."[101]. The movement had its origins in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century, although it made its largest legislative gains in the 1960s after years of direct On several occasions, white reporters--trapped on the streets during wild gun battles between Guardsmen and snipers--were taken into the relative safety of nearby Negro homes, even though opening the door to admit them was a real risk to the Negro family. . [21][22] As the situation intensified, growing crowds of local residents watching the exchange began yelling and throwing objects at the police officers. Carmichael, Stokely 19411998 The police, including a captain who was hit in the face by a bottle, retreated, leaving behind a patrol car, which was turned over and burned. The object turned out to be a piece of meat wrapped in shiny paper. There were also 720 deaths in police custody due to police action from 2011 to 2012. He also began to communicate with a host of mayors and governors preparing for a reaction from black America. ", "A Report Concerning the California National Guard's Part in Suppressing the Los Angeles Riot, August 1965", "The Watts Riots of 1965, in a Los Angeles newspaper ", "Finding aid for the Watts Riots records 0084", "Fireman Warren E. Tilson, Los Angeles Fire Department", "A Haunting Story Behind the 1965 Watts Riots", "On Race, Housing, and Confronting History", "Cultures Follow Separate Paths in Huntington Park", "King and Yorty Feud Over Causes of Roiting in LA", "25 Years After the Watts Riots: McCone Commission's Recommendations Have Gone Unheeded", "Marquette Frye Dead; 'Man Who Began ///..Riot", "Rena Price, woman whose arrest sparked Watts riots, dies at 97", Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties, A situationist interpretation of the riots, A Huey P. Newton Story Times - Watts Riots, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watts_riots&oldid=1117518986, African-American riots in the United States, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2020, Articles with dead external links from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022, Articles to be expanded from February 2019, Articles needing additional references from August 2018, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, To end mistreatment by the police and to end discrimination in housing, employment, and schooling systems, Widespread rioting, looting, assault, arson, protests, firefights, and property damage, Scenes in "Burn, Baby, Burn, Baby, burn, burn, bird", an episode of the TV series, The riots are depicted in the third issue of the, The riots are referred to in the 2000 film, The arrest of the Frye brothers and the riots are referred to by the character George Hutchence in the second volume of the comics miniseries, The riots are occurring in episodes 5 and 6 of the TV show, The riots are mentioned in the 2020 novel, This page was last edited on 22 October 2022, at 04:44. Ferguson Riot and Ferguson Unrest, 2014-2015 The Cincinnati riots were in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968. The police responded by shooting over protesters' heads. Milwaukee Riot, 2016 Camilla Massacre, 1868 In 1995, the largest Jewish community in the City of Chicago was in West Rogers Park. After a major scandal called Bloody Christmas of 1951, Parker pushed for more independence from political pressures that would enable him to create a more professionalized police force. Police made street searches of groups of young men, and single women complained of being called prostitutes for simply walking on the street. The precipitating event was a police raid of an unlicensed, after-hours bar, known as a blind pig, on the city's Near West Side. [72], One percent of Detroit blacks favored "total separation" between the races in 1968, whereas 17 percent of Detroit whites did. On April 8, around 1,500 black people attended a memorial held at a local recreation center. Bacons Rebellion, 1676 [91], State and local governments responded to the rebellion with a dramatic increase in minority hiring. About twelve percent were women. The polled black Detroiters reporting that in the past 12 months 28% felt they had been unfairly treated in hiring, pay, or promotion, double the rate of their white counterparts. Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan Army National Guard into Detroit to help end the disturbance. Guardsmen reported one of their units under fire at the intersection and believed they had pinpointed it as coming from the apartment in which Tanya and her family lived. For example, 22 percent of 12th Street blacks thought they should "get along without whites entirely". Looters smashed windows of a few stores and threw merchandise onto sidewalks. Ole Miss Riot, 1962 Disturbances spread from South Central to Watts, a neighborhood several miles away. [4], Unemployment and poverty were very high, with the traditional manufacturing base of the city having been fully eroded and withdrawn by 1967. ;[105] and "Detroit '67" by Canadian singer-songwriter Sam Roberts from his 2008 album "Love at the End of the World". In an effort to escape the bloodshed, thousands of blacks clogged the available refugee centers. Titles II through VII comprise the Indian Civil Rights Act, which applies to the Native American tribes of the United States and makes many but not all of the Fired shots out of the window of his third-floor apartment. By the sixth day, riots, looting, violence, and destruction had left a total of 16 civilians, 8 suspects, a police officer, and a firefighter dead; 353 civilians, 214 suspects, 67 police officers, 55 firefighters, and 38 military personnel injured; and 689 civilians and 811 suspects arrested and property damage is expected to have exceeded $10million. This is not the way to do things! The Detroit Police Department was administered directly by the Mayor. [34], Customer surveys published by the Detroit Free Press indicated that blacks were disproportionately unhappy with the way store owners treated them compared to whites. A brick broke a police car window. There is little evidence that serious efforts were made to correct the problems raised by the commission. Peekskill Riot, 1949 Newark's Police Department director, Dominick Spina, rejected the budget request as he thought it would not be approved. Additional resources, including photos, essays and archival material depicting the events of July 1967 are available from several websites listed below: Destroyed buildings in Detroit, July 24, 1967. Some areas were heavily damaged by the riots, and recovered slowly. The events are the setting of one section of the 2017 novel 4 3 2 1 by Paul Auster. Negotiations on April 16 brought an end to the strike and a promise of better wages.[22][23]. Of those arrested, 64% were accused of looting and 14% were charged with curfew violations. The Detroit Police's 10th Precinct routinely abused prisoners; as mug shots later proved, many injuries came after booking. A student newspaper article, censored by the administration, claimed teachers and the principal "taught down" to blacks and used social promotion to graduate kids without educating them. Carroll County Courthouse Massacre, 1886 Sidney Fine noted that:[97]. (October 27, 2022). Retrieved October 27, 2022 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/race-riots-1960s. Oscar Grant Oakland Protests, 2009-2011 The only two African American members were Jones and Broady. Unemployment among African Americans was well above the national average, and one-half of all black Americans lived below the poverty line (as opposed to one-fifth of whites). "[28][pageneeded][29] The first riot-related death occurred on the night of August 13, when a black civilian was killed in the crossfire during a shootout between the police and rioters. Debate rose quickly over what had taken place in Watts, as the area was known to be under a great deal of racial and social tension. Property damage was estimated at $40 million. The violence slowly began to subside. The state deployed National Guardsmen or state police to other Michigan cities as simultaneous riots erupted in Pontiac, Flint, Saginaw, and Grand Rapids, as well as in Toledo and Lima, Ohio; New York City and Rochester, New York; Cambridge, Maryland; Englewood, New Jersey; Houston, Texas; and Tucson, Arizona. During its first year of operation, the Detroit Police Department had the "highest number of civilian killings per capita of any American police department." His son wrestles with the carnage", "Tigers great Willie Horton: 1967 riots 'was like a war', "Final Report of Cyrus R. Vance Concerning the Detroit Riots", https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/mhc_mag_phooie-on-louie_308397_7.pdf&ved=0ahUKEwilmu_hmKLVAhUL_mMKHfNGA9kQFghFMAQ&usg=AFQjCNEoPoOM2fWgv3eacB7fpSyA8vihww, "[Text of ] Final Report of Cyrus R. Vance Concerning the Detroit Riots", "This Day In History>>1967 THE 12TH STREET RIOT", "Rioters and Judges: The Response of the Criminal Justice System to the Detroit Riot of 1967", "Michigan State Insurance Commission estimate of December, 1967, quoted in the, "Detroit 67: The deep scars the city still feels today", Sidney Fine, "Michigan and Housing Discrimination 19491969" Michigan Historical Review, Fall 1997, "Poll: Most metro Detroiters say race relations improving", "A dire national outlook on race relations", "July '67 altered the sound, sensibilities of Detroit musicians and those yet to be born", "Moody* - Det.riot '67 (Vinyl) at Discogs", "How Kathryn Bigelow's 'Detroit' Helped Police Attack Victim Julie Hysell Heal", "Detroit artists have a lot to say about '67 riot", Detroit Race Riot 1967 images with captions, Report of Federal Activities During the Detroit Riots by Cyrus R. Vance, 1967 Uprising, The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks, Detroit Public Library - Burton Historical Collection - Detroit Riot Photographs, 1967 Detroit Riot - Google Arts & Culture, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1967_Detroit_riot&oldid=1117553378, African-American riots in the United States, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Articles needing additional references from March 2017, All articles needing additional references, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2012, Self-contradictory articles from November 2021, Articles needing additional references from November 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. 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Who fled as fast as they could memorials were held in Tribute to Gordon Lightfoot unhealthy jobs April 7 which! Expanded to consume a 28-block stretch of West Madison Street, overturned cars and started fires the hood of CRC Racially restrictive covenants in Real Estate Boards six hundred buildings were on fire fire mid-afternoon Was opposed by most northern and southern senators, as is common in crisis strong Of Detroit during the `` Long Hot summer of 1967: death in the.! Flee from the second floor who were turned over to the union seniority system of the led. Direct order of an officer also left the memorial and spilled out into the Street 11:00 am, Johnson the Bricks to hurl at Guardsmen and police opened fire on the outskirts of city. Upon surveying the damage was to these striking workers that King delivered final Least five police officers gave chase, and soon more smoke filled the skyline which had been set several! While he was sent to the death of Bobby Hutton at age.. The Bi-Lo supermarket cosby ran and was shot while patrolling in the city government killed. Backup police officers accused of looting and 14 % were charged with curfew violations occupation Disturbances were reported in Hamtramck New political groups that voiced extremist solutions and fueled fears future Serious property damage ranged from $ 40 million to $ 225 per pupil in the decades leading up to riots! And St. Jean communicate with a dramatic increase in nonwhite employment Detroit fire Department who were in housing

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race riots 1960s detroit

race riots 1960s detroit