eratosthenes contribution to oceanography

They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The Greeks not only extended the horizon of geography from the Aegean Sea to Spain and Gaul, the Russian steppes in Central Asia, the Indus river in the east and Ethiopia in the south, but also put the subject on a sound footing by making remarkable contributions in the field of mathematical, physical, historical and regional geography. Arabs were highly influenced by the Greek ideas about the shape and size of the earth. He first studied with Zeno at the school of the Stoics. ing of the Eratosthenes Seamount could clearly provide invaluable information regarding the oceanography and the tectonics of the east-ern Mediterranean in pre-Messinian time (McCoy and Mart, 1988; Robertson, 1992) Woodside (1977) also noted the occurrence of a 200-km-wide magnetic anomaly underneath the seamount. During the Middle Ages, most scholars accepted Eratosthenes' circumference, though Christopher Columbus used Posidonius' measurement to convince his supporters that he could quickly reach Asia by sailing west from Europe. In his work Geographika, Eratosthenes described and made maps of the known territories. ISBN: 978-0-691-14267-8. Thales, the philosopher, is credited with laying the groundwork for geography research. The ancient Greek scholar Eratosthenes is dubbed the father of geography. He was the first to use the word geography, and he also had a small-scale understanding of the planet that helped him determine the earths circumference. He calculated the Earth's circumference. Aristarchus was one of the first astronomers to calculate the relative sizes of the Sun, the Moon and the Earth. [25], This article is about the Greek scholar of the third century BC. He studied in Athens at the Lyceum. Ptolemy studied the reflection of light on flat and spherical mirrors as well as its refraction when it crosses the surface between two transparent media, defending the theory that vision is caused by a flow emanating from the eye. At present it is known that the equatorial diameter is 40,075 kilometers. Within about five years he became Chief Librarian, a position that the poet Apollonius Rhodius had previously held. At that time he also wrote Peri agathn kai kakn, a text that was lost. Geography is derived from the Greek words geo (the Earth in its broadest sense) and graphos (graphos (graphy), which means to write about. To write about the Earth in a literal sense. The Fourteenth Edition incorporates Arab and Muslim Contribution to Geography To begin with, most Muslim geographers such as Al- ", Zhumud, Leonid. Eratosthenes contributions to Mathematics are very notable and well known. *Egyptians utilized the Nile River and created a commerce based on ship-based trade (4000 BC). One of Eratosthenes contributions to mathematics was his measurement of the Earth. A) discovery of a trade route from Europe around the African continent to India B) the introduction of latitude and longitude lines on maps of the world C) a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet Vol. Eratosthenes, then thirty years old, accepted Ptolemy's invitation and traveled to Alexandria, where he lived for the rest of his life. Given an estimate of the distance between the two cities, he was able to calculate the circumference of Earth, obtaining 250,000 stadia. The second book contains his calculation of the circumference of the Earth. [23] Strabo says that Eratosthenes was wrong to claim that Alexander had disregarded the counsel of his advisers. (40,000 miles). He visited Egypt and numerous places in South-West Asia, Greece, and the island in the Mediterranean Sea. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Digital Radiography Technique, Eratosthenes is most famous for making the first good measurement of the size of Earth. Roller, Duane W. Eratosthenes' Geography. In On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies,[11] Cleomedes credited him with having calculated the Earth's circumference around 240 BC, with a high precision. Geography is the study of where things are found, why they exist, and how they develop and change over time. Eratosthenes is also known for his achievement in astronomy. % complete . He is regarded as the first scientific geographer who measured the length of the equator almost accurately (24860 miles) on sound principles with the help of gnomon. The geometry of the situation is sketched at the right. "La climatologie d'ratosthne Posidonios: gense d'une science humaine". [6] He developed systems of latitudes and longitudes, [7] He measure accurate length of equator, [8] Circumferences of the earth by Eratosthenes 25000 miles, but actual 24860 miles, PDF Name: Eratosthenes Contribution to Geography Notes by Netset Corner, Chronologically Arranged Schools and Associate Scholars. Eratosthenes also found a solution to the so-called Deliano problem, or the doubling of the cube. A new play celebrates the 17th-Century Italian artist Artemisia Gentileschi, who defied her rape and torture through masterful paintings. Geographys History. The circumference of the Earth was measured by Eratosthenes. Pacific Ocean- Largest, deepest, lots of islands and seamounts. The city of Cyrene had spent an independent period from Egypt until the marriage between Ptolemy III and Berenice, the daughter of Magas, governor of that city. Who is the first geographer in the world? They also expanded the studies in Sophocles. Later he joined the Platonists as a pupil of Arcesilao.It was then that Eratosthenes created a work called Platonicus, in which, following Plato's method, he explored mathematical and cosmological issues. What Is Fast Acquisition Corp. . He also measured the degree of obliquity of the ecliptic (in effect, the tilt of Earths axis) and wrote a treatise on the octateris, an eight-year lunar-solar cycle. Geography was defined by Hettner as the earths chorological science. Among the ancient Greek scholars Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, Eratosthenes is the chief ones. . The Greek astronomer Eratosthenes becomes the first person to determine the circumference of the Earth. Eratosthenes was born in the Greek colony Cyrene, now the city of Shahhat, Libya. Eratosthenes hired a man to pace the distance between the two cities and learned they were 5,000 stadia apart, which is about 800 kilometers. He was the founder of Geography and holds the credit to . They believed only rivers had currents, and named this mass of water okeanos (meaning river), from which we derived our term . At Syene (now Aswn), some 800 km (500 miles) southeast of Alexandria in Egypt, the Suns rays fall vertically at noon at the summer solstice. Zihuatanejo Beach Shawshank, He was the first prose writer. Of the four people named as his students in Suda, three cannot be identified with certainty and were therefore hardly important scientists. The word for a, Sulfates and Halides Gypsum is known in Colorado for mining gypsum, a mineral used in the construction of wallboard. Earth Science Oceanography: An Invitation To Marine Science, Loose-leaf Versin How did the Library of Alexandria contribute to the development of marine science? Eratosthenes was well acquainted with the extent of the Red sea, which he described as extending for about 9000 stadia (900 miles) from the head of Gulf of Suez to the Bab-al-Mandab. Their achievements in climatology, oceanography, geomorphology, linear measurements, determination of cardinal points, limits of habitable world, sprawl of continents and oceans are highly appreciable. The inscription that Eratosthenes made in the mesolabe that he gave to Ptolemy III, said: "This you have at hand, friend, if you want to get double a small cube, or that transformation into any other solid figure, and also if you measure in this way an enclosure or a silo or the concave cavity of a well when you take the concurrences means between extreme limits within double rules . Eratosthenes was a Greek scientist who lived from 276 to 194 B.C. Required fields are marked *. He drew the meridian through Alexandria, Syene, Rhodes and the mouth of Boresthenes (Dniester). Bacon is a piece of salt-cured pork cut from the belly of a pig. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 18:23. Chambers, James T. "Eratosthenes of Cyrene." G. Argoud, J.Y. Eratosthenes was one of the most pre-eminent scholarly figures of his time, and produced works covering a vast area of knowledge before and during his time at the Library. That is why he thought that he would arrive in Asia on his journey and did not realize that a new continent had arrived. He used as a basis the ecliptic movement, that is, the movement of the sun observed by the apparent changes of the same from the earth. Are charitable contributions deductible in 2020? Later, the Greeks speculated on the idea that the earth was round. Uci Computer Science And Engineering, He conceived the subcontinent of India to be of rhomboidal form and supposed the range of Imaus (Himalayas) which he said extended from west to east, to have made the boundary of India. He lived from 276 to 194 B.C. Despite the fact that in Greek times young people from wealthy families had more access to education, there were male academies. As a young man, Eratosthenes studied in Athens. III. Eratosthenes also did other things that are known today. [4] He created the first global projection of the world, incorporating parallels and meridians based on the available geographic knowledge of his era. Calculated the Earth's circumference: 40,000 km (24,840 mi) More precise, modern measurement: 40,032 km (24,860 mi) Eratosthenes' most famous contribution to science was his calculation of the circumference of the Earth, which he completed while working on the second volume of his "Geography.". In the text, he described the inhabited earth and the people who lived there. At the Library of Alexandria, he was the chief librarian where he read books on a variety of disciplines that expanded his knowledge extensively. On the basis of this Eratosthenes, in full Eratosthenes of Cyrene, (born c. 276 bce, Cyrene, Libyadied c. 194 bce, Alexandria, Egypt), Greek scientific writer, astronomer, and poet, who made the first measurement of the size of Earth for which any details are known. in, Last edited on 26 February 2023, at 18:23, Eratosthenes' map of the (for the Greeks) known world, "Aratus's "Phenomena," Cleomedes's "On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies," and Nichomachus's "Introduction to Arithmetic" Viewer World Digital Library", "Eratosthenes on the "measurement" of the Earth", "The origin and value of the stadion unit used by Eratosthenes in the third century B.C", "Eratosthenes's large Earth and tiny universe", "Eratosthenes' Parallel of Rhodes and the History of the System of Climata", English translation of the primary source for Eratosthenes and the size of the Earth, About Eratosthenes' methods, including a Java applet, How the Greeks estimated the distances to the Moon and Sun, Measuring the Earth with Eratosthenes' method, List of ancient Greek mathematicians and contemporaries of Eratosthenes, New Advent Encyclopedia article on the Library of Alexandria, Eratosthenes' sieve in classic BASIC all-web based interactive programming environment, Open source Physics Computer Model about Eratosthenes estimation of radius and circumference of Earth, Eratosthenes, Katasterismoi (or Astrothesiae), original text, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eratosthenes&oldid=1141770053, The first book was something of an introduction and gave a review of his predecessors, recognizing their contributions that he compiled in the library. The Greeks made tremendous advancements in the fields of geomorphology, climatology and oceanography. Eratosthenes was born in Cyrene which is now in Libya in North Africa. Earth was considered as the centre of the universe, around which revolved the seven planets. He published a book that he called GeographikaIt was there that he first coined the term geography. Guillaumin (eds.). For his contributions to philosophy, Eratosthenes was called the second Plato. He compiled a star catalog and the earliest surviving table of a trigonometric function and established mathematically that an object and its mirror image must make equal angles to a mirror. [8], The son of Aglaos, Eratosthenes was born in 276 BC in Cyrene. % complete First maps showing water (river charts) 3800 B.C. The texts of his early works as a poet are not preserved either; however, some names were passed on to posterity through quotations from other Greeks. He also suggested that lakes were the source of the river. He created an algorithm to find prime numbers that is known as the Sieve of Eratosthenes. The word geography comes from a Middle French word that was first used in 1540. Name the major oceans and their main characteristics. Eratosthenes who made observations at Syene (Aswan) and Alexandria calculated the circumference of the earth as 250,000 stadia (25,000 miles). 2. According to Strabo, Eratosthenes argued against the Greek-Barbarian dichotomy. Unfortunately, there are no documents left of his work after the destruction of the Library of Alexandria. 22.40, the Sieve of Eratosthenes, so that, if the number the user inputs into the program is not prime, the program displays the prime factors of the number. The prime meridian plotted by Ptolemy was used by the Arabs for the calculation of time and longitudes. At this time Eratosthenes took advantage of his position and the access to the information he had to learn about the most diverse subjects. By this they meant to say that Eratosthenes was second best in all areas, as he never wanted to specialize in any. Ptolemy was an astronomer and mathematician. He developed systems of latitudes and longitudes and ascertained accurate length of equator using Gnomon. He has written works on geography, philosophy, history, astronomy, mathematics, and literary criticism. He set the circumference measurement at 252,000 stadia, which is approximately 39,691 kilometers. The Classical Review. The first known table of chords was produced by the Greek mathematician Hipparchus in about 140 BC. 4. The pecialized text They are thoe that contain a vocabulary and terminology pecific to a certain branch of knowledge. Like any young Greek at the time, Eratosthenes would have studied in the local gymnasium, where he would have learned physical skills and social discourse as well as reading, writing, arithmetic, poetry, and music.[9]. Eratosthenes is named for the ancient Greek who first estimated the Earth's circumference around 240 BC. The exact length of the units (stadia) he used is doubtful, and the accuracy of his result is therefore uncertain. Eratosthenes' is believed to be the first person to attempt a determination of the size of the Earth through measurement. The Greeks made tremendous advancements in the fields of geomorphology, climatology and oceanography. Eratosthenes of Cyrene, an ancient Greek mathematician and astronomer, was the first to use the word Geography (Greek: Geographika). The first spot has to go to the man who coined the term geography, Eratosthenes (c. 275-194 BC). Biography. In the 1960's, Eratosthenes crater was identified by Gene Shoemaker and Robert Hackman as a key stratigraphic marker delimiting the longest period (Eratosthenian) of the lunar timescale, thought to range from about 3.2 to 1.1 billion years old! First maps showing water (river charts) 3800 B.C. [1] Cyrene became a place of cultivation, where knowledge blossomed. He created one of the earliest maps of the known world between 276-195 BC, but his greatest contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. The role of p ychologi t in relation to mental health and well-being i extremely important today, and it i not urpri ing that many people have the need to go to p ychotherapy e ion or require p ycholo Few mu ician have o marked the future of modern mu ic a Michael Jack on, con idered the King of Pop. Eratosthenes was born around 276 B.C., which is now Shahhat, Libya. Boldly, they also sailed across the open ocean to settle Iceland and Greenland, even landing in North Americabecoming the first Europeans to do so. He expanded the library's holdings: in Alexandria all books had to be surrendered for duplication. Eratosthenes measured Earths circumference mathematically using two surface points to make the calculation. Islandwide Breakfast Delivery, What was Eratosthenes greatest achievement? in. There he was taught Stoicism by its founder, Zeno of Citium, in philosophical lectures on living a virtuous life. He made maps, both of the world and sky and is said to have made a map that included 675 stars. Uf Women's Studies Electives, OCEANOGRAPHY-Study of the Oceans Contributions of the ancients 1. 2. He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. He created a device called the mesolabe, a kind of abacus for measurements and proportions, which he dedicated to King Ptolemy III. to locate all prime numbers between two integers. Phoenicians (from what is now Syria and Lebanon) navigated and traded around Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Africa; 2000BC 2. Who Can Benefit From Diaphragmatic Breathing? Eratosthenes was a Greek scientist who lived from 276 to 194 B.C. Eratosthenes followed in the footsteps of other academics in his city and trained with Lysanias, an expert in grammar. But Eratosthenes, who had wide-ranging interests including poetry, theatre and ethics, was first and foremost an astronomer, and Alexandria was the place to go for astronomical studies. 2006. What did Eratosthenes study? He used parallels and meridians to link together every place in the world. Geography is a chorographic discipline. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Trigonometry in the modern sense began with the Greeks. Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276 BCE192 or 194 BCE) was an ancient Greek mathematician, poet, and astronomer who is known as the father of geography. a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude. His prime number sieve provided a simple way for Greek mathematicians (and frustrated modern students!) Eratosthenes's main interest in youth was philosophy and that vocation led him to Athens at the age of 15. It does so by iteratively marking as composite, i.e., not prime, the multiples of each prime, starting with the multiples of 2. It starts with 2 and all the numbers that are multiples of that first digit are crossed out, then the same is done with the next number that is not crossed out and so on. His work is comparable to what is now known as the study of geography, and he introduced some of the terminology still used today.[1]. Tiberias Nyc Reservations, He extended the habitable world from Thule to Taprabone (Sri Lanka) and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Bay of Bengal. Eratosthenes made major contributions to geography. George Syncellus was later able to preserve from Chronographies a list of 38 kings of the Egyptian Thebes. Although these tables have not survived, it is claimed that twelve books of tables of chords were written by Hipparchus. He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. More than 400 places appeared in that work, but it was lost, except for the references of historians of the time. Oceanic area = 303x10^6km^2 (59.4%) 11.5% of Earth is continent below sea level. He is regarded as the first scientific geographer who measured the length of the equator almost accurately (24860 miles) on sound principles with the help of gnomon. Atlantic Ocean- long, narrow, parrallel sides 68% of freshwater runs into it. Notable explorations were undertaken by the Greeks, the Romans, the Polynesians, the Phoenicians, Phytheas, Herodotus, the Vikings, the Portuguese and Muslims. Explanation: Eratosthenes was a geographer and mathematician from Ancient Greece who is known for using geometry to determine the circumference of the Earth. It provides insights into economic, social, historic, culture, religious, political, and climate geography, plus oceanography, demographics, and more. The nematode They are a group of animal that are characterized by having a cylindrical body, without egmentation. (2004/2006). In mathematics, the sieve of Eratosthenes (Greek: ), one of a number of prime number sieves, is a simple, ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit. Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician, geographer, astronomer & poet. Eratosthenes - He was a Greek mathematician who had a profound interest in geography. Modern Geographys founder, Alexander von Humboldt. is credited for two important contributions to oceanography: 1. [2] Eratosthenes described his arc measurement technique,[14] in a book entitled .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}On the measure of the Earth, which has not been preserved. Defending the theory that vision is due to a flow emanating from the eye, Ptolemy analyzed the reflection of light on flat and spherical mirrors, and its refraction when it crosses the surface between two transparent media. A geographer is a physical scientist, social scientist, or humanist whose field of study is geography. Eratosthenes went to Alexandria and found out that the light hit the earth at an angle of 7.2 degrees. Woocommerce Customization Tutorial, Eratosthenes of Cyrene (/ r t s n i z /; Greek: [eratostns]; c. 276 BC - c. 195/194 BC) was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist.He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria.His work is comparable to what is now known as the study of geography, and he . Eratosthenes made many important contributions to science and mathematics. He had inclination toward arts as well as music and poetry composition. Eratosthenes of Cyrene Prince Henry the navigator's contribution to ocean exploration included? Plato as "Architect of Science". 1. Contributions of Greeks in the field of Physical Geography: The Greeks made remarkable development in the field of physical geography. is credited for two important contributions to oceanography: 1. [5] He adopted view of Aristotle & regarded the shape of the earth as sphere. He accurately depicted the Niles route to Khartoum, as well as the two Ethiopian tributaries. We know him best for two important achievements: producing an accurate estimate of how big Earth is; and devising a method to find prime numbers. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2012-2023 On Secret Hunt - All Rights Reserved Eratosthenes was afflicted by blindness in his old age, and he is said to have committed suicide by voluntary starvation. Using your own words, write a paragraph about Eratosthenes and his contributions to math and science. Eratosthenes was called The Father Of Geography, since he was very knowledgeable about the earth. The word for Earth in Greek is geo, so we call this idea a geocentric theory. 5 best Master's degrees in Clinical and Health Psychology to study in Spain, The 40 phrases of Michael Jackson, the King of Pop, 7 keys for someone to open up more to you, The 10 most romantic cities on the planet, Social behavior: definition and explanatory theories, Postcoital dysphoria: symptoms, causes and treatment, Scriptophobia: symptoms, causes and treatment, Nematodes: characteristics, classification, reproduction, nutrition, Specialized texts: characteristics, structure, types, examples. 2, 1977. In the Geography the names of over 400 cities and their locations were shown, which had never been achieved before. Todays measurement is 40,075 km. Eratosthenes created a whole section devoted to the examination of Homer, and acquired original works of great tragic dramas of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. He developed systems of latitudes and longitudes and ascertained accurate length of equator using Gnomon. Here Eratosthenes described his famous story of the well in Syene, wherein at noon each summer solstice, the Sun's rays shone straight down into the city-center well. To calculate the circumference of the earth Eratosthenes used a method that has been used until our time, this consists of measuring a meridian. In a time when the ocean is threatened by climate change and pollution, coastlines are eroding, and entire species of marine life are at risk of extinction, the role of . This work was highly esteemed for its accuracy. He also calculated the Earths tilt axis. Geographika had 3 volumes. He sketched, quite accurately, the route of the Nile to Khartoum, showing the two Ethiopian tributaries. He calculated the Earths circumference. _____ includes the study of the earth at History of Oceanography TIMELINE Print PDF Zoom Out Events Egyptian trade on nile 4000 B.C. About 150 years later, Eratosthenes (264-194 B.C.) Starting with the first prime number, two, all multiples of two are crossed off. He believed that the celestial bodies revolved around the Earth. He became famous for being the first to calculate, with considerable precision, the circumference of the earth. Eckerman, C. (2011). . Pacific Ocean- Largest, deepest, lots of islands and seamounts. It comes from the Old English words eor(th)e and ertha. Eratosthenes was an ancient Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician. in, Chondros, Thomas G. Archimedes Life Works and Machines. With the parallels and meridians, Eratosthenes located the known countries and cities. b. Eratosthenes He was a Greek mathematician who had a profound interest in geography. Eratosthenes made several important contributions to mathematics and science, and was a friend of Archimedes, the great mathematician. Eratosthenes now continued from his knowledge about the Earth. Updates? Hipparchus divided the Earth's surface into 360 degrees. He is best known for being the first person known to calculate the circumference of the Earth, which he did by using the extensive survey results he could access in his role at the Library; his calculation was remarkably accurate. Definition. Eratosthenes used longitude in his maps, though the lines were placed irregularly so that they could pass through important landmarks. He reportedly fell into despair, and he is said to have committed suicide by voluntary starvation in 194 as a result. In the first, Eratosthenes addressed the previous theories and compiled the existing information in the library. Why is Eratosthenes called the father of geography? The 200-foot ship was three-masted, square-rigged, and built of wood. The contributions of eratosthenes. 2. The book written by him describes the ekumene (inhabited) world. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. He was nicknamed Beta because he was great at many things and tried to get his hands on every bit of information but never achieved the highest rank in anything; Strabo accounts Eratosthenes as a mathematician among geographers and a geographer among mathematicians. Several astronomers and mathematicians before and after Eratosthenes tried to accurately measure the circumference of the Earth, but is was Eratosthenes that came through. He died in 194BC at 82 in Alexandria. During his time at the Library of Alexandria, Eratosthenes devised a calendar using his predictions about the, He was also very proud of his solution for. Geography is the study of locations and the relationships between people and their surroundings. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 22, No. Strabo argues it was Alexander's interpretation of their "real intent" in recognizing that "in some people there prevail the law-abiding and the political instinct, and the qualities associated with education and powers of speech". The multiples of a given prime are generated starting from that prime, as a sequence of numbers with the same difference, equal to that prime, between consecutive numbers. Among the ancient Greek scholars Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, Eratosthenes is the chief ones. He was the founder of Geography and holds the credit to calculate the circumference of the Earth. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2010. When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What. : 3373 , 02-3298322 A . He is also regarded as the Father of Geography.. Eratosthenes proposed a simple algorithm for finding prime numbers. He was the founder of Geography and holds the credit to calculate the circumference of the Earth. He also tried to determine the obliquity of the ecliptic. Now part of modern-day Libya, Cyrene had been founded by Greeks centuries earlier and became the capital of Pentapolis (North Africa), a country of five cities: Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemias, and Apollonia. He developed Read more. He was the first to affirm that the heavy rains in the headwaters could explain the floods in the lower part of the flow. Who Eratosthenes was and what his contribution to math is? Homers Iliad and The Odyssey were thought to be the first books on the subject. He lived and worked for most of his life in the city of Alexandria in Egypt. The first place must go to Eratosthenes, the man who coined the term geography between 275 and 194 BC. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. "Ptolemy's System of Seven Climata and Eratosthenes' Geography". Alexander the Great conquered Cyrene in 332 BC, and following his death in 323 BC, its rule was given to one of his generals, Ptolemy I Soter, the founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Ben-Avraham et al. Yet, according to an entry[7] in the Suda (a 10th-century encyclopedia), some critics scorned him, calling him Beta (the second letter of the Greek alphabet) because he always came in second in all his endeavours. They also built a ship know as the Knarr. He remained the librarian for about 40 years till his death. Moreover, he conceived the peninsula of India Pointing towards the south-west, instead of south.

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eratosthenes contribution to oceanography

eratosthenes contribution to oceanography