qualitative research, vulnerable groups

It is common in qualitative research to combine more than one data collection method in one study. 2016-0240 Floods; Chitral district, Pakistan Google Scholar. Reference Barrett, Chua, Crits-Christoph, Gibbons, Casiano and Thompson2008). 2016-0140 Thunderstorms; China Facebook polls or questions can be mentioned as a popular example for convenience sampling. 2017-0189 Storm; Malaysia 2016-0366 Floods; Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, China endobj A qualitative sampling plan describes how many observations, interviews, focus-group discussions or cases are needed to ensure that the findings will contribute rich data. are supported by the Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London. 2016-0098 Collision between two buses; near Kapiri Mposhi, Zambia <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons)/Rect[72.0 214.5406 118.1182 226.2594]/StructParent 10/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Sage: Thousand Oaks (CA); 1995. The act of seeking to synthesise qualitative research means stepping into more complex and contested territory than is the case when only RCTs are included in a review. The authors report no conflicts of interest. 2006, London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London, [http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/Default.aspx?tabid=89], Higgins J, Green S, (Eds): Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.6. Codes could be structured, either in a tree form (as shown in the figure) or as 'free' codes without a hierarchical structure. The form would be different in the case of focus groups or quantitative research. 2015-0250 Floods; China (P Rep) support groups Some practicalities: a critical first step is to select settings and situations where you have access to potential participants. EUR-Lex - 32018L2001 - EN - EUR-Lex - Europa Advantages & Disadvantages of Qualitative & Quantitative Research 2018-0062 Floods; Bolivia, 2018-0057 Plane crash; Ramenski district, Russia These are serious concerns which it is not the purpose of this paper to contest. 2015-0318 Storm; Tetovo, Macedonia The types of stigma-related barriers reported most frequently in mixed gender samples were shame/embarrassment and negative social judgement. 2006, 3: 77-101. Climate change affects the natural, built, and social systems we rely on individually and through their connections to one another. Qualitative research moves from virtual to digital. Climate change has already had observable impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems, and the benefits they provide to society. Springer Nature. 2016-0082 Bus accidents; Freginals, Spain 2016-0323 Collision between a gazoline-truck and a bus; Zabul province, Afghanistan, 2016-0312 Wildfires; Washington state; United States 2017-0067 Shipwreck; Quelimane, Mozambique, 2017-0025 Avalanche; Pakistan The purpose of the focus group discussion determines the composition. You take field notes from all these observations and add your own reflections on the situations you observed. Second, sample size differs for each study and is small. Further reading on qualitative analysis. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram. When study methodology was taken into account, cross-sectional studies with attitudinal/intentional help-seeking measures reported a moderate median effect size of 0.52 (range 0.273 to 0.34), with the majority (25/33) reporting a statistically significant negative association between stigma and help-seeking. While economic, political, and infrastructure limitations may affect these communities ability to adapt, tightly knit social and cultural networks present opportunities to build community capacity and increase resilience. Qualitative Interview Research With Vulnerable Groups: Methodological Reflections on the Use of Face-to-Face, Telephone, and Video Interviews in a Research Project Examining Fear and Mobility Qualitative Social Research (ISSN 1438-5627) Institut fr Qualitative Forschung, Internationale Akademie Berlin gGmbH. 2017-0359 Rail accident, Uttar Pradesh, India Reading through transcripts, adding marginal notes, defining first codes. As set forth in GenHlthLaw, Reg-COFEPRIS, HlthResRegs, NOM-012-SSA3-2012, and MX-GCP-COFEPRIS, the Federal Commission for the Protection Against Sanitary Risks (Comisin Federal para la Proteccin contra Riesgos Sanitarios (COFEPRIS)) is the regulatory authority responsible for approving all clinical studies in human beings and/or their biological samples, CRED studies broader aspects of humanitarian crises and emergencies, such as socio-economic, gender and environmental issues, with a strong focus on the special needs of vulnerable groups such as women and children. 2016-0400 Floods; Quang Binh province, Vietnam, 2016-0396 Collapse of buildings; Wenzhou, Zhejiang province, China The authors would like to thank Elaine Barnett-Page for her assistance in producing the draft paper, and David Gough, Ann Oakley and Sandy Oliver for their helpful comments. "isUnsiloEnabled": true, D.A. and 2016-0349 Bus falls into a river; near Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, 2016-0330 Boat accident; Thailand In ethnography, the main strategy is purposive sampling of a variety of key informants, who are most knowledgeable about a culture and are able and willing to act as representatives in revealing and interpreting the culture. 2015-0272 Collapse of a shoes factory; Wenling, Zhejiang province, China (P Rep), 2015-0235 Floods;Sotchi , Russia You should always choose your data collection method wisely. Background The one-to-one interview is a commonly used data collection method in health and social research. 0000002234 00000 n 2015-0349 Floods; Pampa region, Argentina, 2015-0340 Stampede during a pilgrimage; Jharkhand state, India 2018-0084 Private plane crash; Chahar Mahall - Bakhtiari province, Iran (Islam Rep), 2018-0055 Earthquake; Papua New Guinea 2018-0131 Floods and thunderstorms; Colombia 2018-0333 Bus accident; Java Isl., Indonesia Reference Jorm, Medway, Christensen, Korten, Jacomb and Rodgers2000; Gulliver et al. 2016-0279 Fire in a bar; Rouen, France Close menu. The individual studies were limited by several methodological issues, with the association and barriers studies judged as having moderate methodological quality. 2016-0104 Plane crash; Kiunga, Papua New Guinea First published: 21/05/2019 Last updated: 20/09/2021. We began to focus, in particular, on research that aimed to understand the health issue in question from the experiences and point of view of the groups of people targeted by HP&PH interventions (We use the term 'qualitative' research cautiously because it encompasses a multitude of research methods at the same time as an assumed range of epistemological positions. 2015-0268 Collision between a bus and a truck; Madhya Pradesh, India 2015-0274 Shipwreck with migrants; Greece Generally, quantitative research is used in scientific experimentation and analyzing statistics. 2016-0164 Landslide; Rwanda, 2016-0147 Bus accident; Toc, Burkina Faso Reference Alonso, Angermeyer, Bernert, Bruffaerts, Brugha and Bryson2004; Kessler et al. In an introductory paper, we have described the objective, nature and outline of the Series . 2016-0031 Thunderstorms; Florida, United States Newman M, Thompson C, Roberts AP: Helping practitioners understand the contribution of qualitative research to evidence-based practice. "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, Print Page. 2018-0297 Bus accident; near Quito, Ecuador synthesis 2016-0465 A minibus falls into ariver; Hubei province, China Vogel et al. Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research The focus of observations is important because you can never observe everything, and you can only observe each situation once. 10.1258/1355819052801804. 2018-0014 Volcano Mayon; Bicol region, Philippines The systematic review is an important technology for the evidence-informed policy and practice movement, which aims to bring research closer to decision-making [1, 2].This type of review uses rigorous and explicit methods to bring together the results of primary research in order to provide reliable answers to particular questions [36].The picture that is presented Underlined subthemes are those that also appeared in the quantitative barriers studies. Goodwin, L. Campbell et al. 2016-0509 Severe extreme winder conditions; Mongolia and J.S.L.B. volume8, Articlenumber:45 (2008) These interconnected systems are increasingly vulnerable to cascading impacts that are often difficult to predict, threatening essential services within and beyond the Nations borders. 2016-0298 Earthquake; Arequipa region, Peru, 2016-0296 Bus accident; Kavre district, Nepal A quarter of these (n=54) were data-based studies on help-seeking and stigma in mental health but did not address at least one of the specific research questions (e.g. 167 0 obj Eval Health Prof. 2002, 25: 12-37. [3] One form of unstructured interview is a focused interview in which the interviewer consciously and consistently guides the conversation so that the interviewee's responses do not stray from the main research topic or idea. J Clin Epidemiol. However you look, qualitative research is difficult to find [4042]. 2015-0203 Floods and landslides; Colombia, 2015-0487 Plane crash; Juba, South Sudan 2016-0175 Cyclone Roanu; Bangladesh, 2016-0171 Collision between a truck and a bus; Burkina Faso ). Short, Camille E. Face-to-face in- depth interviews; rarely observations and sometimes focus group discussions. BMC Med Res Methodol 8, 45 (2008). The present criteria are based on a survey conducted in 2002. We have adopted the term 'thematic synthesis', as we translated methods for the analysis of primary research often termed 'thematic' for use in systematic reviews [3638]. ' \@i'HX5(XY /& zvK 2016-0067 A bus falls into a ravin; Durango state, Mexico, 2016-0041 Cyclone Winston; Tonga and Fidji, 2016-0042 Collision between a bus and a truck; Ghana, 2016-0050 Severe weather, United States, 2016-0044 Collision between two trains; Bavaria, Germany 2016-0299 Collision between two buses; Daqahleya province, Egypt, 2016-0292 Floods; Louisiana and Mississippi, United States (d) Are there population groups for which stigma disproportionately deters help-seeking? 2017-0089 Fire of a oleoduc; Hodeida, Yemen, 2017-0087 Storm; Gatisbo district, Rwanda Al-Khouja, Maya A. 1997, London: Sage. Interventions targeted at people with particular risk factors worked better than others, and multi-component interventions that combined the promotion of physical activity with healthy eating did not work as well as those that only concentrated on healthy eating. Descriptive generic qualitative research often applies content analysis. 157 0 obj Keywords: 2015-0242 Explosion of a oil pipeline; Nigeria 2016-0413 Explosion on a shipyard; Gadani (Balochistan), Pakistan 2015-0364 Snowfall; Bolivia Mental illness stereotypes and clinical care: do people avoid treatment because of stigma? You jot down words, whole sentences or parts of situations, and your reflections on a piece of paper. 2015-0275 Forest fires; Saskatchevan, Canada We were also concerned about imposing the a priori framework implied by our review questions onto study findings without allowing for the possibility that a different or modified framework may be a better fit. Perceived barriers and facilitators for gait-related participation in people after stroke: From a patients' perspective. 2015-0246 Wildfires; Washington State, United States To facilitate analysis, it is essential that you ensure and check that transcripts are accurate and reflect the totality of the interview, including pauses, punctuation and non-verbal data. Sandelowski and Barroso [53] have argued that the findings of qualitative (and, indeed, all empirical) research are distinct from the data upon which they are based, the methods used to derive them, externally sourced data, and researchers' conclusions and implications. 2016-0095 Floods; China, 2016-0079 Fire in a rehabilitation centre; Sterlitamak, Russia 2018-0442 Floods; Paraguay The methods for thematic synthesis described in this paper have so far been used explicitly in three systematic reviews [1618]. The vast majority of the studies were undertaken in high-income countries and so the findings are limited in their generalizability to other settings. 0000001798 00000 n 2015-0322 Earthquake; Papua, Indonesia In marketing research and academic research, interviews are used in a wide variety of ways as a method to do extensive personality tests. The impacts of climate change are already being felt in communities across the country. The outcome of an ethnographic study is a narrative description of a culture. You describe what is going on in the data. Using data from the full set of qualitative process studies (n=51), S.C. copied these data verbatim into a spreadsheet containing the preliminary coding frame, grouping and regrouping the data into a revised set of inter-related themes and subthemes to form a final coding framework and draft synthesizing conceptual model. 2018-0146 Eruption of Kilauea volcano; Hawai, United States Careful time management is important, since you have to determine how much time you want to devote to answering each question, and how much time is available for each individual participant. - in other words, the most commonly used public health indicators of the severity ofhumanitarian crises. 2018-0072 Shipwreck of two boats; Mai-Ndombe province, Congo (Dem Rep) Some figures and images are copyright protected. Rebar, Amanda L. 2016-0198 Floods and Landslides; China, 2016-0180 Fire in an Elderly house; Litochki (Kiev region), 2016-0151 Earthquakes; Esmeraldas and Manabi provinces, Ecuador Selection of participants based on the researchers judgement about what potential participants will be most informative. 2016-0058 Winter storm; Sichuan and Tibet, China The median is used as this gives a better indication of the average, given that effect sizes and rankings are unlikely to be normally distributed. You should not provide a great deal of guidance and avoid influencing the answers to fit your point of view, as you want to obtain the participants own experiences, perceptions, thoughts, and feelings. As identity and peer group issues are both highly salient in adolescence (Kroger, Reference Kroger2004), young people may feel the dissonance between their preferred self- and social identity and mental illness stereotypes more acutely than others and this may increase the effects of stigma of help-seeking for this group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Keywords: 2016-0066 Plane crash; Myagdi region, Nepal If conducting research with vulnerable populations and / or sensitive topics please EUR-Lex - 32018L2001 - EN - EUR-Lex - Europa Part 4: Trustworthiness and publishing. ), Japan An inductive content analysis [11] involves breaking down the data into smaller units, coding and naming the units according to the content they present, and grouping the coded material based on shared concepts. Reading through transcripts, writing memos, assigning preliminary codes. The socioeconomic status behind access to health care, as well as distrust in public health services, forms focal challenges for any policymaker hoping to improve health services to match peoples needs. 1987, 26: 138-143. Studies with African American samples were more likely to include the subthemes weak, keeping it within the family and non-disclosure, and those with samples from any ethnic minority were more likely to include the subthemes stigma for family. You cannot wait with the analysis, because an iterative approach and emerging design are at the heart of qualitative research. (We have since adapted our own reviewing system, 'EPPI-Reviewer' [54], to handle this type of synthesis and the screenshots below show this software.). Share page Redirect links from fsa.gov.uk to fca.org.uk will stop working please review your websites. a 2015-0426 Shipwreck with migrants; Malaysia, 2015-0375 Hurricane Erika; Caribbean 2016-0266 House fire; Ambalatovo, Madagascar, 2016-0259 Floods; Conakry, Guinea For health professionals, disclosure/confidentiality concerns and negative social judgement were more frequently reported than in the other groups although the standardized rank was not different (see Table 3). 2. 2018-0030 Cold wave; Morocco, 2018-0013 Helicopter crash; Colombia The former may reflect the fact that shame is inherent in many disorders (Rsch et al. We note, however, that a strong case has been made for qualitative research to be valued for the potential it has to inform policy and practice [11, 2830]. 2016-0014 Wildfires; Yarloop, Australia, 2016-0013 Gaz leak; California, United States, 2015-0566 Wildfires; Spain Where a study measured 5 barriers of any type, the barriers were ranked by endorsement and the standardized stigma rank is the rank of the barrier (or the highest ranked if 2 stigma barriers) standardized for number of barriers (1=highest endorsed barriers, 10=least endorsed barrier). 2016-0262 A military plane disappear; between Andaman and Nicobar Isl., India ). 2017-0182 Earthquake; Lesbos, Greece thematic 2015-0290 Wildfires; Greece References for the 144 included studies are given in Supplement 7. 2018-0058 Bus accident; Hong Kong, 2018-0038 Floods; Salta province, Argentina Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. CRED studies broader aspects of humanitarian crises and emergencies, such as socio-economic, gender and environmental issues, with a strong focus on the special needs of vulnerable groups such as women and children. The first few minutes of an interview are decisive. Milner, Allison 13). and For example, one grounded theory study tested several theoretical constructs to build a theory on autonomy in diabetes patients [4]. Data can be collected synchronously or asynchronously, with text messaging, video conferences, video calls or immersive virtual worlds or games, etcetera. Narrative synthesis was undertaken because of substantial methodological and clinical heterogeneity between studies (Popay et al. 2018-0122 Thunderstorms; Guizhou Province, China, 2018-0098 Bus accident with migrants; Igdir, Turkey In: Valle R, King M, editors. Sage: Thousand Oaks (CA); 2015. Qualitative Research Process 2018-0313 Tropical storm; Taiwan Harden A, Garcia J, Oliver S, Rees R, Shepherd J, Brunton G, Oakley A: Applying systematic review methods to studies of people's views: an example from public health. 2017-0033 Cold wave; Algeria In general, qualitative analysis begins with organizing data. Most help-seeking outcomes were attitudinal or intentional, although there is evidence that help-seeking attitudes are associated with actual service use (ten Have et al. Reference Han, Chen, Hwang and Wei2006; Clement et al. Through identifying and synthesizing relevant quantitative and qualitative studies, this systematic review sought to address the overall research question: What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking for mental health problems? 2017-0288 Floods; Afghanistan, 2017-0274 Bus accident; Himachal Pradesh, India, Disasters of the week 28 - July 10 - July 16, 2017 These are: anticipated stigma (anticipation of personally being perceived or treated unfairly); experienced stigma (the personal experience of being perceived or treated unfairly); internalized stigma (holding stigmatizing views about oneself); perceived stigma (participants views about the extent to which people in general have stigmatizing attitudes/behaviour towards people with mental illness); stigma endorsement (participants' own stigmatizing attitudes/behaviour towards other people with mental illness); and treatment stigma (the stigma associated with seeking or receiving treatment for mental ill health). 2016-0117 Earthquake; Ecuador 2017-0063 Bus accident; Mendoza, Argentina Adaptation strategies, including prescribed burning to reduce fuel for wildfire, creation of safe havens for important species, and control of invasive species, are being implemented to address emerging impacts of climate change. 2017-0047 Flood; Indonesia People who are already vulnerable, including lower-income and other marginalized communities, have lower capacity to prepare for and cope with extreme weather and climate-related events and are expected to experience greater impacts. According to MacGregor, approximately 70 percent of the world's poor are women [dubious discuss]; rural women developing countries are among the most disadvantaged groups on the planet [dubious discuss]. What is this distinct from? 2015-0324 Floods; Lao (Dem Rep) Individuals often avoid or delay seeking professional help for mental health problems. 2015-0273 Road accident; Glmarmara Manisa proivince, Turkey 2014. For example, a phenomenological study on the lived experiences of pregnant women with psychosocial support from primary care midwives will recruit pregnant women varying in age, parity and educational level in primary midwifery practices. While it is not the only method which might be used and we have discussed some of the other options available we present it here as a tested technique that has worked in the systematic reviews in which it has been employed. (c) What processes underlie the relationship between stigma and help-seeking? The main methodological limitation was failure to provide a reflexive account of the researchers' influence. 2017-0523 Bus accident; Quintana Roo, Mexico Phone: +32 (0)2.764.33.26 and G.T. In addition to the big three approaches, content analysis is frequently applied in primary care research, and very often uses purposive, convenience, or snowball sampling. For males, gender stereotypes (e.g. TheComplex Emergency Database (CE-DAT)was created in 2003 as an international initiative to monitor and evaluate thehealth statusof populations affected by complex emergencies. We pay our respects to their ancestors, elders and emerging leaders and extend our respect to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from all nations Microsoft is quietly building a mobile Xbox store that will rely on Activision and King games. 0000009369 00000 n Some figures and images are copyright protected. 2017-0048 Earthquake; Sichuan province, China Join the discussion about your favorite team! To elicit the participants experiences, perceptions, thoughts and feelings. Dixon-Woods et al. 2016-0475 Earthquake; Aceh province, Indonesia, 2016-0469 Fire in Hotel; Karachi, Pakistan intervention studies with both stigma and help-seeking as outcomes, qualitative studies reporting that stigma deterred help-seeking but not elucidating any processes). 2017-0013 Collision between a bus and a truck; Ecuador 2018-0358 Collision and explosion of a gaz truck; Mbuba, Congo (Dem Rep) Close menu. 2015-0201 Fire in a gas station; Accra, Ghana, 2015-0187 Tornado; Ciudad Acuna, Mexico 2016-0101 Floods, Jigjiga city, Ethiopia, 2016-0097 A bus falls into a river; Cusco province, Peru 2015-0427 Sandstorm; Lebanon and Syria, 2015-0419 Gaz explosion in a restaurant; Madhya Pradesh, India Davies P: What is evidence-based education?. What else is like this? 2017-0178 Thunderstoms; South Africa 2016-0022 Collision between two helicopters; Hawai, United States, 2016-0001 Cold wave; Poland 2015-0529 Extreme winter conditions; Mongolia 2018-0107 A bus falls into a river; Narok, Kenya 2016-0407 Helicopter crash; Siberia, Russia 2015-0338 Severe storms; Chile A protocol for this review was registered with the PROSPERO systematic review protocol registry (www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/; ID: CRD42011001647). 2017-0009 Earthquake; Fars province, Iran (Islam Rep), 2017-0004 Rail accident; New York, United States The review has several strengths such as its breadth of research questions and inclusion of both quantitative and qualitative studies, its comprehensive multi-database search strategy and dual-author data extraction. Interviews can focus on past or present situations, and on personal issues. 2017-0440 A bus falls into Victoria lake; Mwanza province, Tanzania (United Rep), 2017-0400 Boat accident; Nigeria Forty-four studies reported data on stigma barriers and included 60036 participants. We therefore experimented with a variety of techniques borrowed from standard systematic review methods and methods for analysing primary qualitative research [15]. In an introductory paper, we have described the objective, nature and outline of the Series . The WHO was established on 7 April 1948. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. For association studies, we also undertook subgroup analyses on type of stigma and methodology. 2015-0438 Floods; Iran (Islam Rep), 2015-0432 Shipwreck with migrants; Turkey Chalmers I: Trying to do more good than harm in policy and practice: the role of rigorous, transparent and up-to-date evaluations. <> 2016-0276 Floods; Madhya Pradesh, India, 2016-0261 Bus accident; Tapei, Taiwan Populations including older adults, children, low-income communities, and some communities of color are often disproportionately affected by, and less resilient to, the health impacts of climate change. James Thomas and Angela Harden contributed equally to this work. According to MacGregor, women are more likely to be poor, and to be responsible for the care of poor children, than men. 2017-0328 Severe storms; North Italy Convenience sampling The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/8/45/prepub. 2016-0053 Floods; Haiti 2006, Updated September 2006. 2016-0072 Collision between a bus and a truck; near Bauchi, Nigeria, 2016-9050 Drought and food insecurity; Lesotho Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram. 2016-0294 A bus falls into a ravin; Kashmir, Pakistan, 2016-0280 Wildfire; Portugal 2016-0023 Cold wave; East Asia Has data issue: true 2016-0359 Thunderstorms and floods; Egypt We have observed that one of the key tasks in the synthesis of qualitative research is the translation of concepts between studies. 2017-0286 Storm; China However, note that your findings are merely a summary of categories, not a grounded theory. The findings from the association studies indicate that the majority of studies report a negative association, and that the size of the association can be interpreted as small. Interviews are used in marketing research as a tool that a firm may utilize to gain an understanding of how consumers think. Dixon-Woods M, Cavers D, Agarwal S, Annandale E, Arthur A, Harvey J, Katbamna S, Olsen R, Smith L, Riley R, Sutton AJ: Conducting a critical interpretative synthesis of the literature on access to healthcare by vulnerable groups. 2018-0258 Wildfires; California, United States 2018-0330 Earthquake; Hokkaido, Japan Disclosure and confidentiality concerns seem to be the most prominent type of stigma barrier. The median size of this association could be interpreted as small (Cohen, Reference Cohen1992). As well as translating concepts between studies, we had already begun the process of synthesis (For another account of this process, see Doyle [[39], p331]). 2015-0471 Thunderstorms; Texas, United States It is by no means the only method on offer but, by drawing on methods and principles from qualitative primary research, it benefits from the years of methodological development that underpins the research it seeks to synthesise. These changes threaten future gains in commodity crop production and put rural livelihoods at risk. %%EOF 2018-0029 Tropical storm Berguitta; Mauritius These interpretations will not be found in any one research report but, rather, are inferences derived from taking all of the reports in a sample as a whole" [[14], p1358]. Rising water temperatures, ocean acidification, retreating arctic sea ice, sea level rise, high-tide flooding, coastal erosion, higher storm surge, and heavier precipitation events threaten our oceans and coasts. The majority of the association studies reported a negative association, with the majority being statistically significant (Table 2).

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qualitative research, vulnerable groups

qualitative research, vulnerable groups