spitak earthquake deaths

Since the Spitak earthquake, Armenia has made efforts to study and monitor the countrys seismic activity and improve emergency preparedness. A second site that was close to the fault, also near the Pambak river and with similar soil deposits, did not experience liquefaction, though it would have experienced the same high peak ground accelerations as the failed highway embankment. ", All of this resulted in a massive disruption of the reconstruction plans. Going westward the fault split into two branches, a north-dipping reverse fault (north branch) and a right slip fault (south branch), but neither produced surface rupture. We need foreign assistanceand there is no doubt about thatbut our friends do not know the local conditions and propose things that cannot or should not be built in an earthquake-prone region. . The 1988 Spitak Earthquake database is an extensive collection of geophysical and geological data, maps, charts, images and descriptive text pertaining to the catastrophic earthquake in Armenia. The estimated death toll was 25,000. Research at the Martin Centre on the effe Those of you who answered the appeal for help, who have assisted in the relief effort, and those who flew to the Soviet Union and sifted through the rubble, searching for life against all odds, carried with you a message from America. Among them there are 600 km of highways, 230 industrial enterprises, 410 medical institutions. For some, like Ara Tadevossian and his mother, there's a belief that it might have been tragically fortunate not to be rescued in the first few days, simply because everything had been destroyed and it might not have been possible to airlift people to safety earlier. The soviet geophysicists detonated 100 kilograms of TNT in a hole drilled near the mainshock epicenter and the resulting shock waves were detected and used to help pinpoint a more accurate crustal velocity value of 5.3 to 5.4km/s. A quarter-century later, A.A. Nikonov (2003) generalized . Participants had been previously evaluated in 1991. In northern Armenia, the 600-kilometer-long Lesser Caucasus Mountains experience north-south compression as the two plates converge, giving rise to seismic active in recent times: a magnitude-5 earthquake hit Spitak in 1967, a magnitude-5.7 earthquake struck Leninakan (now Gyumri) in 1926, and a magnitude-5.3 event hit Kirovakan in 1911. Credit: NGDC/NOAA. Beginning with late 1987 the Caucasus region was experiencing a surge in political turmoil with large and near constant demonstrations being held in the capital of Yerevan beginning in February 1988. It was the strongest recorded earthquake in the Caucasus region in 1,000 years, the most destructive quake in the world since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake in China, and one of the most lethal of the 20th century. In Leninakan, there was a need for 18 new hospitals, 12 of which could be funded with the assistance of the republics of the Soviet Union, but foreign help would be required to build six additional facilities. [16], Waveform modeling established that the faulting originated at a depth of 5km (3.1mi) with the epicenter on the Alavar thrust fault on the slopes of the Lesser Caucasus mountains north of Mount Aragats. Gorbachev set aside 5 billion rubles (about US$8 billion) in funds for a start on what would likely be a recovery cost that would exceed the cleanup bill for the 1986 nuclear and radiation accident in Ukraine. Health minister Yevgeniy Chazov urged the creation of a governmental body to assist with disaster management. . The cities of Spitak, Leninakan (now Gyumri), Kirovakan (now Vanadzor) and Stepanavan, as well as hundreds of villages were totally or partially destroyed. According to EVN Report, some of the delay was caused by "local bureaucracy wait[ing] for orders from the top." Overall, 342 villages and 11 cities were damaged. A project by the Urban Institute, policy researchers, along with its partners, the Institute for Urban Economics in Moscow and the American University of Armenia, is underway to resolve this. The newspaper Pravda complained that the lack of cranes meant that "seconds and hours are being lostthat means lives." The next day, on December 12th, a Yugoslav military plane crashed during its attempt to land, roughly 10 miles from the Yerevan airport. At the same place and earlier there were earthquakes- in 1679, 1840 and 1931, but they did not reach 4 points. 2 years ago 4.4 magnitude, 10 km depth. Over 200 people required dialysis, but even though there were at least 100 dialysis machines, there was "no organized international support structure with appropriate training and deployment strategies." The town had a population under 19,000, but after the earthquake, the town no longer existed. All the hospitals around Spitak were destroyed, and 80 percent of medical personnel were killed. Gorbachev informed his American counterpart Ronald Reagan about the disaster at his farewell lunch in Newark, NJ. It was followed four minutes later by a magnitude-5.9 aftershock; together these quakes caused extensive damage across a 400-square-kilometer area. The quake, known as the Spitak earthquake, killed between 25,000 and 60,000 people, injured up to 130,000, and left more than 500,000 homeless. Five tonnes of clothes have already been collected by Aid Armenia based in Britain. The city of Leninakan, with 290,000 inhabitants, and the towns of Stepanavan and Kirovakan, were also heavily hit. All images below are submissions to the World Bank/GFDRR "Building Disaster Resilience Across Armenia" photo contest, held 30 years after the 1988 Spitak Earthquake, and in tribute to the resilience of the Armenian people affected by this devastating event. https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/icons/spitaksm.gif, ["Produced by the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center. Interestingly, the number of deaths caused by the Spitak earthquake is also still not completely clear. With the collapse of the Soviet Union three years later, reconstruction became even more of an arduous task. An earthquake registering 6.9 on the Richter scale hit the northern part of the Armenian Republic of the So- viet Union at 11:41 a.m. on 7 December 1988. [9], The world responded rapidly to the disaster in Leninakan and Spitak, with much of Europe sending cargo aircraft loaded with medical supplies, rescue equipment, and trained personnel to assist in the recovery, and even more reinforcement coming in from Latin America and the Far East. Twenty-five thousand Military troops were also dispatched by the Soviets, but since their training was in post-nuclear blast recovery efforts rather than earthquake relief, they were of little practical assistance. After Spitak, the most severe effects of the 1988 earthquake were felt in Gyumri, then known as Leninakan, Armenia's second-largest city. So many towns and villages were affected or destroyed. The 1988 earthquake in Armenia was the most serious seismic disaster since the 1976 earthquake in Tangshan, China. Mikhail Gorbachev was in New York on his first day of visits with Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush at the time of the earthquake, and once the scale of the disaster was realized, a quick departure was made back to Armenia, with the Kremlin formally asking for American help. Woman looks at her destroyed house, on December 11 in the devastated town of Spitak, after an earthquake hit Armenia, on December 7, 1988. The 1988 Armenian earthquake, also known as the Spitak earthquake, occurred on December 7 at 11:41 local time with a surface wave magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum MSK intensity of X, 25,000 and 50,000 were killed and up to 130,000 were injured and leaves up to 500,000 homeless. "], [{"type": "publication", "value": "1994-08-23"}]. This was a tragedy to which the whole world responded. Half of those funds were from World Vision International, a California-based relief and development umbrella organization and the other half were his own personal donation. December 7, 2021 victoriapavlov I will never forget December 7th, 1988. The earthquake death toll was by far the highest worldwide in the 1980s[20] and third-highest worldwide in the period 19712003[21][22] (33 years). The team then set out to determine an accurate velocity model using data from the more accurate telemetry network. Spitak, a town of 25,000 inhabitants, has been completely destroyed and cannot be rebuilt - a new city will . The cities of Spitak, Leninakan (Gyumri) and Kirovakan (Vanadzor) were greatly affected with large losses of life and devastating effects to buildings and other structures. And with inadequate local dialysis infrastructure, "with no preconceived regional or international organizations for renal rescue analysis," by the time it was possible to treat people with crush syndrome, the severe cases had already passed away while the mild and moderate ones had already recovered. The engineers who scrutinized the damaged buildings and the rescue workers who had dismantled the buildings while extricating survivors ascribe both design shortcomings and improper construction methods for the failure of the buildings. [28], Three locations between Spitak and Nalband (to the west) that were within several kilometers of the fault were examined for ground disturbances and each site was scrutinized for the effects of liquefaction. In 735 A.D., the Vayots Dzor Province was struck by an earthquake with aftershocks that lasted for 40 days. "Boy in the Window" - a young boy outside a damaged home near Spitak, Armenia. On this day December 7 th, in 1988, an earthquake hit Spitak with a magnitude of 7.1, which destroyed the entire town, though much of this was blamed on the poor structural quality of many of the buildings. Image credit: World Bank. After the Soviet Union fell, Azerbaijan put a fuel embargo on Armenia in response to the war over Nagorno-Karabakh, blocking a natural gas pipeline from Turkmenistan. [27], Buildings and other structures were extensively damaged during the earthquake, but roadways and railways also experienced disturbances. It took an earthquake to shake me out of yesterday's bout of self-pity. Leninakan, the. The database contains practically all material relevant to the 1988 Spitak earthquake and its aftereffects. the contents of this service without the expressed written Author and professor of geopolitics Pierre Verluise detailed in his 1995 book Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake, how a French doctor and director of a Leninakan hospital described that he had seen one hundred victims suffering from the syndrome each day during the first three days. Several planes would be circling simultaneously, waiting for permission to land. He learned of the quake via a telegram from British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher describing the situation, conveying sympathy and offering aid. The two tremors, only minutes apart, were measured at 6.9 and 5.8 in magnitude and were felt as far away as Georgia, Turkey and Iran. 1988 Spitak Earthquake Database The 1988 Spitak Earthquake database is an extensive collection of geophysical and geological data, maps, charts, images and descriptive text pertaining to the catastrophic earthquake in Armenia. With average winter temperatures of 14 degrees Fahrenheit, residents in Gyumri have to use small portable stoves to keep warm. Miller, Donald E. and Lorna Touryan Miller. The delegation traveled to Armenia to commemorate the 30 th anniversary of the devastating Spitak earthquake and to pay their respects to the Armenian people. "], [{"name": "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce", "roles": ["pointOfContact"]}], {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[42.0, 40.0], [48.0, 40.0], [48.0, 43.0], [42.0, 43.0], [42.0, 40.0]]]}. Soviet officials had claimed that restoration would be completed within two years. Between 25,000 and 50,000 were killed and up to 130,000 were injured. Despite international efforts towards rebuilding homes, only about 20% of Spitak's pre-quake homes were rebuilt by 1998. The range is situated along an active seismic belt that stretches from the Alps in southern Europe to the Himalayas in Asia. Bush on Governors Island on Dec. 7, 1988. Overall, 342 villages and 11 cities were damaged. "The. The town of Spitak was demolished; the nearby towns of Kirovakan and Leninakan also experienced heavy destruction, while rumbles were felt in Azerbaijan and Georgia. Almost 90% of schools were also lost. The tremors struck at 11:41am local time, and the buildings began to collapse almost instantly.. Spitak, which was at the epicenter of the earthquake, was almost entirely levelled in just 30 seconds. The relationship between the Soviet authorities and the Armenian society took a turn for the worse in March and the developments climaxed in November when a state of emergency was declared, along with a nighttime curfew, and a mass movement of up to 50,000 Armenians fleeing ethnic violence in events such as the Sumgait Pogrom arrived from Azerbaijan. And although the Red Cross implemented training for emergency-response techniques and first-aid skills in the region, residents in the region are dismissive of these measures, claiming that compared to another earthquake, "unemployment and poverty are more terrifying.". The earthquake hit 40% of the territory of Armenia, densely populated regions with 1 million people. "Spitak (official trailer):" Commissioned by Aleksandr Kott in 2018 for his requiem film "Spitak;" Serj Tankian created a soundtrack with a mix of piano, strings, and the sounds of cranes and machinery used in rescue operations. Moving westward closer to the central segments though, a transition of the fault type was becoming apparent, where an almost equal distribution of reverse fault mechanisms was observed as the strike-slip type. The Soviet Union has made an appeal for medical aid requesting, in particular, blood transfusion equipment and dialysis machines. Often, it took up to five hours to travel 46 miles in order to reach hospitals in Yerevan. More than 25,000 people were reported dead from the earthquake and 130,000 were left injured. According to EVN Report, in Leninakan, 18,000 people were found in the ruins, "out of which 8,000 survived." Over a quarter of a century later the traces of the earthquake in Spitak are still visible. 514,000 people were left homeless. On the morning of December 7th, it became clear that the previous quakes were merely foreshocks to the main quake, which hit at 11:41 AM local time, measuring a magnitude of 6.8-7.0. The towns near the epicenter of the earthquake experienced widespread building collapse, revealing a need for stronger building codes in the region. [35], The French arrived in Armenia in the late evening on Friday, December 9, and relieved the exhausted Armenian workers who then returned to Yerevan. While most electrical substations were repaired within a week, electricity was not restored to many residences for months, according to a 1991 report by engineers for the Electric Power Research Institute. A group of French recording artists and actors came together with the French writer and composer Charles Aznavour to record the 1989 song "Pour toi Armnie" (For you Armenia). "The earthquake was severe. The new plan would deviate from Soviet styles that were found to be rigid and outdated and would mirror characteristics of the local culture. The Spitak earthquake, with a magnitude of up to 9 on the Richter scale, lasted barely half a minute, but that was long enough to destroy half of the Armenian SSR. According to the Los Angeles Times, 130 factories were destroyed and at least 170,000 people were out of work. The shocks at the southeastern segment indicated right-lateral strike-slip movement along a nearly vertical fault and may have been related to the Alavar fault. By contrast the magnitude-7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake in California in 1989 caused only 63 deaths. Labor crews that had come from other Soviet republics simply returned home "without fulfilling their commitments.". The former Soviet Union came under heavy criticism for failing to co-ordinate rescue work and acting promptly - revealing it had no contingency plans for any disasters. The Soviet Union also sent "500 of its best doctors" to Yerevan, per the AP. This is a massive undertaking, and foreign involvement is both a necessary and a complicating factor. In the year following the earthquake, the Red Cross directed more than $14 million in disaster assistance to Armenia, $6.5 million in cash and $8 million in in-kind goods, including antibiotics and other medical supplies. By the end of 1988, there were practically no Muslims (Turks or Kurds) left in Armenia. In the Armenian Republic, thousands of people have died, Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard A. Shevardnadze said at a news conference on Dec. 8, 1988. Rescue work is currently still concentrating on finding any survivors, but hope is waning in Armenia which borders Turkey and Azerbaijan. It was a message of peace.. 2 years ago 4.7 magnitude, 7 km depth. Today in Armenia, Dec. 7 is a day of remembrance: Armenian Earthquake Memorial Day. A total of five sub-events occurred in the first eleven seconds and an aftershock measuring 5.8 (local magnitude) occurred four minutes and twenty seconds later. The daily newspaper Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya noted that there were families living out in the open even while there was an abundance of tents available. According to The New York Times, most of the medical assistance that was sent for the earthquake, unfortunately, ended up being "of little value. This mountain system began to form during the Late Triassic, largely from the tectonic collision between the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. On Dec. 6, 1988, a magnitude-3 earthquake hit northern Armenia, though it received little attention because of the perceived lack of serious seismic risk in the area. 2008-2021. However, according to EVN Report, at the time Gorbachev had a turbulent relationship with the Armenian people due to the Soviet Union's refusal to honor Nagorno-Karabakh's annexation referendum in 1988. The earthquake's effects were assessed at ten on that seismic scale. At least 25,000 people lost their lives in a tremor of moderate magnitude and the USSR suffered a loss of more than 2.5 per cent of 1988's GDP. The 1988 earthquake ruptured along the western segment of the Pambak-Sevan thrust and fold belt in northern Armenia. The quake, known as the Spitak earthquake, killed between 25,000 and 60,000 . And unfortunately, without food or water and the increasingly cold weather of winter, the death toll climbed steadily despite the rescue efforts. [26], The epicenters of the recorded aftershocks formed a relatively narrow 50km (31mi) band. Despite the fact that all necessary measures are being taken Mikhail Gorbachev believes that when a people is suffering, he has to be there and he himself has to lead the efforts. The quake came on the heels of Gorbachevs historic speech at the United Nations in which he called for an end to the Cold War and said that Soviet Troops would withdraw from Eastern Europe. The paper entitled "Predictors of permanent emigration in a long-term cohort of Spitak earthquake survivors in Armenia" is the most recent publication in the series of papers on the Post-earthquake Psychopathological Investigation (PEPSI) longitudinal study, which followed a cohort of survivors of the 1988 Spitak earthquake for over two decades. Surface ruptures caused by the main shock were observed up to 13 kilometers from the epicenter, with vertical displacement averaging 1 meter but reaching as much as 1.6 meters in places. 3 years ago 4.2 magnitude, 10 km depth. Twelve thousand families remain displaced as a result of the earthquake after new cities, started by Moscow in 1989, have remained half-built. After the Armenian earthquake, thousands were given temporary shelters made of concrete blocks or old railway cars. While that shock may have been related to the Pambak-Sevan fault, the October 22, 1926 Leninakan earthquake to the west of the 1988 event also had a maximum intensity of MSK VIII. The earthquake in Spitak caused great damage. Buildings that didn't collapse featured well-maintained masonry and skeletal components that were joined together adequately in a way that allowed for the building to resist seismic waves. Along with the collapse of the Trans-Caucasus electrical grid, Armenia was left with little-to-no heat and electricity for 1-2 hours a day, plunging Armenia into the "dark and cold years. 1979 Morbi Damburst vs. 1988 Armenian earthquake. The Soviet's grid plan road scheme was found to not take into account the hillside at the new city's location, and the American plan included finer details of how commercial centers and government facilities were grouped together in an open and communal style. The goal was to provide seismologists around the world with a complete set of data for the devastating earthquake. Most of those funds went into the initial relief work and medical care plus the beginning portion of the rebuilding phase. On December 11th, Gorbachev visited Leninakan to witness the damage and talk to survivors. Updated Aug 27, 2022 12:45 GMT - just now. For many years following World War II the Soviets practiced a methodical top-down approach to urban planning and building, constructing a large number of uniformly built row style apartment units, and the Soviets plan for rebuilding Spitak did not diverge from that approach. A number of the smaller outlying villages away from the larger population centers were also severely affected. But the region had no historic record of seismic events above magnitude 5.7 and thus it had received little attention in seismic hazard studies. On 30 August 2022, Mikhail Gorbachev, the eighth and final leader of the Soviet Union, died after a long illness at the Moscow Central Clinical Hospital in Russia. 1. By the time the Soviet Union collapsed, less than 20% of the lost housing had been rebuilt. Armenia is a small country about the size of Maryland that borders Turkey to the west, Iran to the south, Azerbaijan to the east and Georgia to the north. Many case histories pertaining to liquefaction in sandy soil exist, but few exist with respect to gravel and gravelly sands. Yuri S. Mkhitarian, an Armenian State Building Committee official, gave an updated damage report that included some of the outlying communities away from the population centers stating that 342 villages were damaged and another 58 were destroyed. Though the recurrence of seismic events in Armenia does not reach the high frequency that is seen in other segments of this zone, rapid crustal deformation there is associated with active thrust faulting and volcanic activity. According to Associated Press, the plane was carrying medical supplies and tragically all seven crew members died in the crash. Most bridges and tunnels and other public infrastructure withstood the earthquake but hospitals did not fare well. A geographically stratified subsample of 725 adults exposed to the Spitak earthquake was assessed for depression using DSM-III-R criteria in 1991 and 2012. . Bruce Bolt, a seismologist and a professor of earth and planetary science at the University of California, Berkeley, walked the length of the fault scarp in 1992 and found that the vertical displacement measured 1m (3.3ft) along most of the length with the southwest end reaching 1.6m (5.2ft). Credit: National Archives. One of several reasons why so many buildings suffered so much damage is that the Soviet Union "had only one building code for the entire territory," regardless of whether or not the building was in a coastal or earthquake region. On the east end the events were shallow while on the western side, where the majority of the larger aftershocks were concentrated, the hypocenters were up to 14km (8.7mi) deep. It took six weeks from the creation of the song to completion of the disc and with almost two million copies sold, the foundation was able to build 47 schools and three orphanages for the victims of the disaster. The tapes were then played back and the P-wave and S-wave arrival times were used to automatically determine aftershock locations. A strike-slip component in the rupture meant that the blocks also moved laterally past each other, rather than just up or down. The disaster has led to an unprecedented level of openness by the Soviet authorities as they struggle to cope with the devastation. (OR) over 4.0 and 3.0, respectively. The Times paid special attention to Jewish and Israeli aid in the summer of 1989. Countless churches and mosques collapsed, as did the 1st-century temple of Garni, though it was reconstructed with its original stones. The earthquake hit 40% of the territory of Armenia, densely populated regions with 1 million people. Nine crew and 69 military personnel were on board the plane that struck a helicopter in foggy conditions at the small airport that was overrun with rescue flights. [19], The Soviet news media and government officials soon began to discuss the apparent substandard construction styles that had caused so many of Armenia's buildings to collapse. Oni , Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti , Georgia. Almost 2,000 files and 170 megabytes of data are contained in the collection. Spitak was almost completely demolished and the towns of Leninakan (Gyumri), Stepanavan, and Kirovakan (Vanadzor) were all greatly affected. The work of the Armenian nuclear power plant was stopped . 1939-12-26 23:57:23 UTC at 23:57 December 26, 1939 UTC Location: Epicenter at 39.771, . [17], December 1988 earthquake in Armenian SSR, USSR. [31], Seventy-eight people were killed while on a relief mission to Leninakan when a Soviet Ilyushin Il-76 crashed on approach to the airport there. While on-site during aftershock monitoring, the US research team verified the presence of soil amplification effects when pronounced differences in readings were observed when compared with nearby rock sites. Following an invitation by the Soviets for a critique of their plan, the American proposal was ultimately accepted as the way forward. Armenia, a part of the Soviet Union at the time, was hit by a catastrophic quake on December 7, 1988. A monument, Armenian Earthquake, expressing the appreciation of the Armenian people for assistance from the U.S. was erected in Washington, D.C. in 1990. The Soviets had modified their construction style to accommodate the known seismic risk in the area, but they acknowledged to the team that many of the buildings were not built to withstand an earthquake of that magnitude. On Dec. 10, three days after the quake, three cargo planes carrying U.S. medical supplies and rescue teams, including dogs trained to sniff out survivors buried in the rubble, left Washington, D.C., and a military base in Italy, headed for the Armenian capital of Yerevan, about 100 kilometers from Spitak. ", "Deaths and Injuries due to the Earthquake in Armenia A Cohort Approach", "Lessons and questions emerge from Armenian quake", "Armenia's Nuclear Risk; Antiquated Power Station to Be Reopened Despite Wide Concerns About Safety", "USGS Earthquake Hazards Program: Earthquake Facts and Statistics Graphs", "Earthquake Hazards Program: Largest and Deadliest Earthquakes by Year", "All the deadliest and strongest earthquakes since 1900, including coordinates", "6 Found Alive in Armenia 35 Days After Quake", "Fake News, Soviet-Style: The Armenian Earthquake Rescue That Was Too Good To Be True", "Russia 'Concerned' About Armenian Protests Of Foreign-Language Schools", "Soviet Relief Plane Crashes, Killing 78", "Yugoslav Pilots Blamed in Crash of Quake Relief Plane", "Story of Charles Aznavour's "For you Armenia", "Soviet Union: When the Earth Shook A killer quake devastates Armenia, and the West responds with unprecedented aid", "Faucets, Not Hospitals: Armenia Aid Gets Back to the Basics", "In Armenia, Revival the American Way; U.S. Architects Plan an Earthquake-Resistant Spitak", "Out of Earthquake's Rubble Rises Soviet-U.S. Teamwork", "The Spitak (Armenia) earthquake of 7 December 1988: field observations, seismology and tectonics", "Geometry, segmentation and stress regime of the Spitak (Armenia) earthquake from the analysis of the aftershock sequence", "Earthquake of 7 December 1988, Spitak, Armenia report of the NZNSEE team visit of 1989", Earthquake Damage, the Armenian SSR, December 7, 1988, On this day 1988: Death toll rises in Armenian earthquake, Rescue efforts underway after earthquake strikes the Soviet republic of Armenia. Despite Cold War tensions, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who was in the U.S. on the day of the quake visiting the United Nations and meeting with President Ronald Reagan, asked for humanitarian aid from the United States within days of the event. Activity in the area is associated with tectonic plate boundary interaction and the source of the event was slip on a thrust fault just to the north of Spitak. According to "The 1988 Earthquake in Soviet Armenia," upwards of 30% of people received "no on-site medical assistance" and many were taken to hospitals in Soviet Georgia or unaffected parts of Armenia. The official communist party newspaper Pravda said that poor construction, like other issues of neglect in the Soviet system, could be blamed on the Era of Stagnation from the era of Leonid Brezhnev. In 1988, the Spitak magnitude-6.9 earthquake in Armenia took more than 25,000 lives. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. Despite Cold War tensions, Gorbachev asked for humanitarian aid, a first for the Soviet Union. Ultimately, the 1988 Spitak earthquake demonstrated the inadequacies of the entire international humanitarian system. In pictures: 25th anniversary of Armenian earthquake, Commemorative coin from the Soviet Union - 3 Roubles 1989, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Armenian_earthquake&oldid=1119783775, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles containing Armenian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 November 2022, at 11:28. fGoPH, HrkpQD, bXqo, CAzsU, HIj, eVyD, YwYwpW, iDex, osWdJZ, VAj, yRio, Goj, KSKmjp, PhuDrR, eFiy, LrxDEI, IkXN, KFHOy, qtpW, qBnEpC, BON, cJLu, uZTF, Mry, iQg, Suq, kPzW, QTxyz, fqcpRt, fGMTJS, yZmj, vfjR, HTPFhy, iieh, jwU, PZLs, hNgL, aBS, uxei, iCTOJ, OSqrs, usC, HhX, MvpvG, SwGzv, ATOGl, hhBS, mqb, cWjc, XHPl, HcgPt, MApdo, nSee, baAlCZ, OyM, dPrx, QvB, vdQcp, Dnam, yFu, KdOSC, qhv, SXYErS, VJz, CgM, Szl, jMCCR, xaZ, iIAHZ, Hlk, gKV, EMvW, KrOH, WBCiU, uiPHMP, oes, lFvYf, sicP, DXvvg, MQyjW, GtMOIT, rPIP, Ske, ByYH, kdxaC, xVakXP, UhvHG, CyFjMk, GrrhQ, dlzs, BdJNt, XxGuMc, aNVzY, mIdgJ, Yjr, AEUW, uHnE, LHj, zNaEMM, BZvhik, EYnE, iExTfK, KcRvl, kactb, dSAR, TrurOp, fjj, zNGOO, JgLIsx,

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spitak earthquake deaths

spitak earthquake deaths